HISTORIA CULTURAE

Bohumil Jiroušek: Antonín Rezek
České Budějovice, Jihočeská univerzita, 2002, 224 s.

Antonín Rezek (1853-1909) patřil k nejvýznamnějším osobnostem české historické vědy druhé poloviny 19. století a zásadně ovlivnil celou řadu svých žáků (Josef Pekař, Josef Šusta, Josef V. Šimák, Jaroslav Bidlo, Václav Novotný aj.), byl však i vlivným politikem. Tento rodák z Jindřichova Hradce působil, po předchozích zkušenostech s obecnými dějinami, na pražské české univerzitě jako profesor rakouských dějin, nástupce W. W. Tomka. Ve svých knihách zformuloval mj. originální koncepci českých dějin, dodnes víceméně nepřekonanou. V roce 1896 však odešel do Vídně, kde působil především jako skutečný tajný rada, sekční šéf ministerstva kultu a vyučování a ministr krajan. Daná kniha se věnuje jeho životním osudům, pedagogickému působení, vědeckému dílu a politické činnosti v širokém kulturněhistorickém rámci. Otevírá nové pohledy na některá témata české historiografie (např. problematika Gollovy školy), v nových souvislostech však ukazuje i jeho politické působení.

Čeněk Zíbrt a kulturní historie (Studie a materiály)

HISTORIA CULTURAE II, Studia 1, ed. Dagmar Blümlová

Jádro sborníku Čeněk Zíbrt a kulturní historie tvoří studie spojené se stejnojmenným vědeckým sympoziem, které se konalo ve dnech 25.-26. května 2002 v Kostelci nad Vltavou. Záměrem edice bylo představit téma co nejúplněji, v co nejširším kruhu kulturněhistorických souvislostí, proto ji doplňují rovněž dva vyžádané výklady: národopisný (České národopisné hnutí na konci 19. století a Čeněk Zíbrt) a kulturologický (Pojem kultura jako nástroj studia kulturní historie) a dvě přiblížení zahraničních sborníků věnovaných kulturní historii (Americký pohled na dějiny kultury; Kulturní historie a její postavení v rámci současné francouzské historické vědy). Za zapůjčení příloh, které ediční záměr dotvářejí, děkujeme Literárnímu archivu Památníku národního písemnictví a Milevskému muzeu.

Sympozium Čeněk Zíbrt a kulturní historie bylo součástí prvního ročníku kulturněhistorických slavností nazvaných na počest nejvýznamnějšího kosteleckého rodáka Zíbrtův Kostelec. Zakladatelský ročník (další ročníky Zíbrtova Kostelce se budou konat vždy poslední květnový víkend) měl slavnostní charakter, který jsme chtěli zachovat i v tomto sborníku, proto otiskujeme rovněž úvodní slova (krajského hejtmana RNDr. Jana Zahradníka a Karla Schwarzenberga) a kázání Mgr. Martina Zemana.

Příspěvky byly do sborníku uspořádány ve dvou tematických celcích: Zíbrt - život, dílo a sféry působení; kulturní historie ve světovém kontextu - geneze a současný stav bádání. Do barokního kázání stylizovaná zpráva o Zíbrtově archivním fondu uzavírá odbornou část a předchází závěrečné kázání skutečné.

Obsah

Úvodní slovo hejtmana Jihočeského kraje RNDr. Jana Zahradníka s. 5
Úvodní slovo Karla Schwarzenberga s. 8
Život Čeňka Zíbrta (D. Blümlová - J. Blüml) s. 9
Čeněk Zíbrt jako ředitel knihovny Národního muzea (M. Ryantová) s. 41
Zíbrtovy přednášky o kulturních dějinách na pražské univerzitě (J. Blüml) s. 62
Čeněk Zíbrt a české vědecké společnosti (H. Kábová) s. 90
Polsko a Halič v životě a díle Čeňka Zíbrta (M. Ďurčanský - P. Kodera) s. 133
České národopisné hnutí na konci 19. století (S. Brouček) s. 186
Pojem kultura jako nástroj studia kulturní historie (V. Soukup) s. 212
Ernst Bernheim v kontextu německé a české kulturní historie (B. Jiroušek) s. 233
Nikolaj Ivanovič Karějev a jeho myšlení o dějinách (D. Blümlová) s. 253
Benedetto Croce a jeho pojetí dějin (F. De Caprio Motta) s. 272
Americký pohled na dějiny kultury (P. Justin) s. 286
Kulturní historie a její postavení v rámci současné francouzské historické vědy aneb (Staro)nové zpěvy sladké Francie (L. Liška) s. 296
Poněkud pokřivená zpráva o písemné pozůstalosti Čeňka Zíbrta (M. Sládek) s. 313
Promluva Mgr. M. Zemana s. 320
Ediční poznámka s. 324
Seznam autorů s. 325

Čeněk Zíbrt and Cultural History

The core of the publication Čeněk Zíbrt and Cultural History is formed by studies connected with a research symposium bearing the same name, which took place on 25 - 26 May 2002 in Kostelec nad Vltavou. The aim was to introduce the subject in question to the fullest possible extent and in the widest possible context of cultural history links. Thus, the publication includes two requested interpretation commentaries, an ethnographic one (The Czech Ethnographic Movement towards the End of the 19th Century and Čeněk Zíbrt) and a cultural one (The Term "Culture" as a Tool for the Investigation of Cultural History), plus two outlines of foreign collections dedicated to cultural history (American View of the History of Culture; Cultural History and Its Status within the Present French Historical Science). We would like to thank the Literary Archive within the Monument of National Literature and the Museum of Milevsko for the provision of supplements, which put the finishing touches to the authors' intent.

The symposium Čeněk Zíbrt and Cultural History was part of the first annual of celebrations of cultural history named after the most significant native of Kostelec "Zíbrt's Kostelec". The initial annual (the following annuals of Zíbrt's Kostelec will be held always during the last weekend in May) was ceremonial. Since we wanted to preserve the atmosphere, the publication includes also the introduction speeches (by RNDr. Jan Zahradník, Governor of South Bohemia, and Karel Schwarzenberg) and a sermon by Mgr. Martin Zeman.

In the book, the contributions are arranged in two units by subjects: Zíbrt - the life, work, and spheres of impact; cultural history in the worldwide context - a genesis and current state of the investigation. Information about Zíbrt's archive resources, which has a form of a Baroque sermon and is preceded by the final genuine sermon, concludes the research part.

Table of Contents

Introduction Speech by RNDr. Jan Zahradník, Governor of South Bohemia p. 5
Introduction Speech by Karel Schwarzenberg p. 8
The Life of Čeněk Zíbrt (D. Blümlová - J. Blüml) p. 9
Čeněk Zíbrt as the Director of the National Museum Library (M. Ryantová) p. 41
Zíbrt's Lectures on Cultural History at the Prague University (J. Blüml) p. 62
Čeněk Zíbrt and Czech Research Associations (H. Kábová) p. 90
Poland and Galicia in the Life and Work of Čeněk Zíbrt (M. Ďurčanský - P. Kodera) p. 133
Czech Ethnographic Movement towards the End of the 19th Century (S. Brouček) p. 186
The Term "Culture" as a Tool for the Investigation of Cultural History (V. Soukup) p. 212
Ernst Bernheim in the Context of German and Czech Cultural History (B. Jiroušek) p. 233
N.I. Karieyev and His Contemplations about History (D. Blümlová) p. 253
Benedetto Croce and His Concept of History (F. De Caprio Motta) p. 272
American View of the History of Culture (P. Justin) p. 286
Cultural History and Its Status within the Present French Historical Science or (Old)New Songs of Sweet France (L. Liška) p. 296
A Rather Distorted Report on the Written Legacy of Čeněk Zíbrt (M. Sládek) p. 313
Sermon by Mgr. M. Zeman p. 320
Editorial note p. 324
List of Authors

Aloys Skoumal (1904-1988)
V průsečíku cest české kultury 20. století

HISTORIA CULTURAE III, Studia 2

Sborník příspěvků ze stejnojmenného vědeckého sympozia pořádaného Historickým ústavem Jihočeské univerzity ve dnech 11. a 12. listopadu 2004 v Českých Budějovicích.

Obsah

Úvodem (V. Papoušek) 5
Život a názory blahorodého pana Aloyse Skoumala (D. Blümlová) 7
Vzpomínka na Hanu a Aloyse Skoumalovy (J. Růžička) 24
Aloys Skoumal a E. A. Saudek (J. Vrtiš) 27
Na rozhraní vědy a umění (R. Wellek a A. Skoumal jako posluchači seminářů V. Mathesia a O. Fischera) (M. Zelenka) 43
Aloys Skoumal a Anglie (M. Halamová-Jiroušková) 52
O jednom "ostnatém" přátelství (Aloys Skoumal a Bedřich Fučík) (R. Sak) 64
Membra disiecta kolem Aloyse Skoumala (M. Bauer) 75
Aloys Skoumal a Stará Říše (J. Bednářová) 98
Aloys Skoumal a divadlo (J. Rauchová) 108
Poselství Jana Čepa o člověku v dějinách (J. Blüml) 119
Křesťanství jako orientační mezník Bohdana Chudoby (B. Jiroušek) 130
Možnost interpretace románu Nevykoupení (M. Pátková) 136
Aloys Skoumal (1904-1988) at the Intersection of Roads of the 20th Century Czech Culture (D. Blümlová; překlad do angličtiny M. Fialová) 144
Ediční poznámka 149
Seznam autorů

Aloys Skoumal (1904-1988) at the Intersection of Roads of the 20th Century Czech Culture

The proceedings from a symposium of the same name, which took place in České Budějovice on 11 and 12 November 2004, are the first cultural-history presentation of the literary and cultural activities of a translator, reviewer, literary historian, and original commentator on Czech society, Aloys Skoumal. His name has faded down over the time even though his 1930s and 1940s activities largely mingled with the main streams of the then Czech culture, ranging from presentations of ideas formulated by a university grouping around Vilém Mathesius, pro-Christian literary efforts, criticism of the pragmatic inclinations of culture, to - in the latter half of the 1940s - official promotion of Czech culture abroad and preservation of the mission of Czech literature in a new political environment. In the 1950s, he proceeded to criticism of literary and cultural pseudovalues although very little was published. It was only afterwards that his best-known translation period began.

Thanks to Skoumal's active and curious spirit, a study of his life and works means also meeting the key milestones of the development and forms of Czech culture of the 20th century. The symposium, the research findings of which are presented in the proceedings, was not intended to summarize and conclude the topic but, on the contrary, to open the same, to define a real cultural-history space by outlining a wide and purposive activity of the creative subject (Aloys Skoumal), not omitting his life story, which played an important role.

The symposium, supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (grant No. 405/04/0660), was organized by the Historical Institute (HI) within the University of South Bohemia (USB) in České Budějovice.

The proceedings are opened with an introduction by Vladimír Papoušek, the USB Research Vice-Rector and a bohemicist, who points out the underestimated significance of the translation phenomenon in Czech culture. In particular Skoumal's works (translations of innovative novels by Laurence Stern and James Joyce) evidently inspired the contemporary Czech prose. V. Papoušek also mentions foreign response to English-Czech translations as well as the absence of a comprehensive assessment of the translated literature within the Czech cultural and literary history of the 20th century.

The title of the first contribution "Život a názory blahorodého pana Aloyse Skoumala" (Dagmar Blümlová, České Budějovice) paraphrases the name of the Czech translation of L. Stern's novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, with which Skoumal identified in many regards in terms of its philosophical background (humanistic irony) and trust in the potential of language. The biographical text highlights the key moments of Skoumal's life and work. It builds on two crucial features of his family background: authentic Christianity experienced in rural Moravia (Skoumal was born in Pačlavice near Kroměříž) and actively perceived musicianship. Another milestone is his studies at the Episcopal Grammar School in Kroměříž and meeting teachers such as Josef Vašica. The following Skoumal's Prague stay and studies at the Charles University Faculty of Philosophy shaped the young attendant of the English, Bohemian, and German Studies through the personal influence of professors Vilém Mathesius and Otokar Fischer and a strong generation of his fellow students, future researchers and artists born during the first five years of the 20th century, who became his close friends. They included students in Mathesius's and Fischer's seminars such as Erik Adolf Saudek, René Wellek, and Vojtěch Jirát as well as artists such as Jan Čep, Vilém and Jaroslav Závada, Jan Zahradníček, and František Halas. D. Blümlová's paper pays attention also to Skoumal's university colleague and later his wife, Hana Duxová, who was an excellent translator, too. In addition, the author outlines the particularity of Skoumal's position in the so-called "Catholic Literature" and pronounces a hypothesis of origination of Skoumal's personal programme consisting of critical, publishing, translation, and satiric activities, which was aimed at cultivation of Czech literature and which Skoumal was systematically fulfilling throughout his life. Furthermore, Blümlová depicts the Skoumal family, focusing on the war years and reminding one of Skoumal's diplomatic career and his troublesome status within the 1950s Czech culture, and explains his concentration on translations. The paper is concluded with a view of the poetics of Skoumal's own epigrammatic and aphoristic works.

The following papers develop the private and career sketches of Skoumal's heritage. Jindřich Růžička (Litomyšl) is the only representative of a memoir group. His Vzpomínka na Hanu a Aloyse Skoumalovy ("A Memory of Hana and Aloys Skoumal") recalls the relationship of the Skoumal couple to the rural countryside at Budislav near Litomyšl, where they took refuge from the Prague rush and found concentration for their work from the mid 1950s to the end of their lives.

A set of depictions of Skoumal's relationships within the university is opened with Aloys Skoumal a E. A. Saudek ("Aloys Skoumal and E. A. Saudek") by Jan Vrtiš (Prague), which characterizes the Saudek personality as well as his translation approach, outlines his forming by the family and university background, follows - in detail and from a critical distance - Saudek's career in which the dark parts (his work at the National Theatre after February 1948) are balanced by his humane features, which are apparent in particular in his private relationships, among which his friendship with Skoumal belonged to the crucial ones.

Contributing the essay Na rozhraní vědy a umění - R. Wellek a A. Skoumal jako posluchači seminářů V. Mathesia a O. Fischera ("At the Edge between Science and Arts - R. Wellek and A. Skoumal as V. Mathesius's and O. Fischer's Seminars Students"), Miloš Zelenka (České Budějovice - Prague) provides insight into the methodologically and humanly creative atmosphere of the two named seminar workshops. In his interpretative comparison the author focuses in particular on Wellek and his works, mentioning also Wellek's later view of translations made by his former colleagues including Skoumal.

Relationships and Skoumal's England-related activities are discussed in Martina Jiroušková's paper Aloys Skoumal a Anglie ("Aloys Skoumal and England"). The author exploited the available archival resources in order to present Skoumal's diplomatic career as a cultural attaché in England from 1947 to 1950, when he was officially dismissed. Step by step, Skoumal's liking to English literature, his study trips to England, and his specific interest in Ireland are tracked. Attention is paid also to his sophisticated promotion of Czech (especially musical) culture in England and to a depiction of the Skoumal family during Aloys's diplomatic service as well as after his premature removal.

Introduction to relationships, both friendly and hostile, within Skoumal's publishing activities is the topic of Rober Sak's (České Budějovice) paper O jednom "ostnatém" přátelství ("About a Thorny Friendship") subtitled as Aloys Skoumal a Bedřich Fučík ("Aloys Skoumal and Bedřich Fučík"). As the title implies, the relationship between the two, typologically similar yet strange, personalities was multivalent and did not lack dramatic features, which affected the operations of the Vyšehrad Publishing House where both the men were involved. Sak's argumentation endeavours to clarify the liaison or, to be more precise, its development curves. This paper shifts the central topic towards literature and Czech literary environment.

The literature-related set is opened with Membra disiecta kolem Aloyse Skoumala ("Membra Disiecta Concerning Aloys Skoumal") by Michal Bauer (České Budějovice). From six viewpoints the author lets Skoumal enter Czech literature in new contexts and meanings, disputing a rather simplistic scholastic classification of the Czech interwar literature and stressing the impossibility to "squeeze" Skoumal into a single traditionally delimited category. The paper continues with a definition of the Skoumal phenomenon on the basis of memoir resources and presents a surprising revelation about a considerable importance of Skoumal's speeches at major events of writer organisations (The Czech Writers Syndicate and The Union of Czechoslovak Writers). In particular Skoumal's appearance at the Writers Congress in 1946 is rated as crucial; this can be - apart from other things - attributed to the fact that the speech clearly warned about Socialist-Realism art, which the author documents by numerous quotations from archival resources. Bauer also touches on Skoumal's interpretations of English literature and finally he proceeds to unveiling expression parallels between Skoumal and his poet friends, Závada and Halas. The link is seen in their fight for the word. A convincing confirmation of a human dimension of these three men's relationship is the words of condolence to Halas's wife after the poet's death.

The next paper by Jitka Bednářová (Brno) Aloys Skoumal a Stará Říše ("Aloys Skoumal and Stará Říše") is dedicated to Aloys Skoumal's relationship to the personality of Josef Florian of Stará Říše, to his Dobré dílo publishing house and spiritual culture centre, and to Stará Říše periodicals (in particular Archy), commenting also on Skoumal's contributions to the "Stará Říše workshop".

The subject of literature is closed by Jitka Rauchová (České Budějovice) with her short text Aloys Skoumal a divadlo ("Aloys Skoumal and the Theatre"). In a chronological summary the author follows Skoumal's vivid interest in this phenomenon, seeing its climax especially in Skoumal's concept of drama reviews, which goes far beyond the usual standard of this genre both in terms of its width and depth.

The following two papers pertain to a wider perception of history among people around Skoumal. Josef Blüml (České Budějovice), in his Poselství Jana Čepa o člověku v dějinách ("Jan Čep's Message on Man in History"), introduces one of Skoumal's closest friends, Jan Čep, searching for a typological link between the two personalities in a sketch of Čep's view of man in the course of human history.

In his supplementary paper Křesťanství jako orientační mezník Bohdana Chudoby ("Christianity as Bohdan Chudoba's Orientation Background"), Bohumil Jiroušek (České Budějovice - Prague) discusses the possible impact of a Catholic background on the research interpretation of an issue, namely Chudoba's interpretation of Czech history. The author transfers a debate on the rights and possibilities of Catholicism within the process of creation, in which both young Skoumal and Čep passionately and untiringly participated, to the present days.

The final text contained in the proceedings is a demonstration of the contemporary literary-science interpretation methods, using a text that Skoumal accompanied by his afterword. Marcela Pátková's paper Možnost interpretace románu Nevykoupení ("A Possible Interpretation of Maria Zef") offers the author's insight into a novel by Paola Drigo, Italy, using its Czech translation by Nina Tučková, which Pátková (České Budějovice) confronts with Skoumal's approach. In addition to its other merits, Pátková's interpretation gives one a better idea of A. Skoumal's philological capacities, since Italian belonged to languages he had an active command of.

On the occasion of the conference, the NTP Pelhřimov publishing house published Malý Budiždán Aloyse Skoumala, a selection of Skoumal's aphorisms, epigrams, and sarcasms, edited by Dagmar Blümlová.

Čas pádu Rukopisů
Studie a materiály

HISTORIA CULTURAE IV, Studia 3

Studie a materiály z vědeckého sympozia Čas pádu Rukopisů pořádaného Historickým ústavem Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích a konaného ve dnech 24. - 25. května 2003 v Kostelci nad Vltavou v rámci druhého ročníku Zíbrtova Kostelce.

Obsah

Čas pádu Rukopisů (D. Blümlová) 5
Desetiletí zlomu. Včera buditelé, dnes lvi salonu? (R. Sak) 8
T. G. Masaryk a počátky české pozitivistické historiografie /80. léta 19. století/ (J. Blüml) 20
Čas bojů o Rukopisy, další svazek spisů TGM (J. Svobodová) 36
Libušin soud 41
Záboj, Slavoj i Ludiek 45
Jaroslav Goll, Rukopisy a osmdesátá léta (B. Jiroušek) 52
Zdeněk Nejedlý: Kotle a lesní rohy 63
Václav Tille - zrod pozitivistického skeptika (D. Blümlová) 73
Josef Šusta: Záboj. Dramatická báseň v pěti jednáních 85
Revue Osvěta a rukopisné boje osmdesátých let (J. Rauchová) 91
Josef Kalousek: O potřebě dalších zkoušek rukopisů Královédvorského a Zelenohorského 117
Josef Kalousek: Ve sporu o rukopisy 121
Josef Kalousek v zákulisí sporu o Rukopisy (80. léta 19. století). Několik poznámek k tématu (B. Jiroušek) 141
František Bačkovský. Příspěvek k typologii obhájců RKZ (H. Kábová) 149
Denní zápisky Dr. J. L. Píče o cestě do Paříže a Milána za palaeograficko-chemickou zkouškou rukop. Králodvorského 179
Kde lze najít prameny k tematice RKZ (K. Bílek) 189
Národní muzeum v osmdesátých letech 19. století (M. Ryantová) 193
Jaroslav Vrchlický: Záboj i Slávoj 207
Julius Zeyer: Libuše 210
Antal Stašek: Záboj. Epická báseň 214
Poznámky k volbám do Říšské rady v severních Čechách roku 1885 (J. Pokorný) 223
Nové Německé divadlo. /Založení a počáteční období činnosti v 80. letech 19. století/ (D. Růžková) 233
Několik dat o počátku díla "Slov. Epopeje" 253
Proměny fotografie v 80. letech 19. století (J. Bartoš) 257
České sklo a bižuterie v osmdesátých letech 19. století (P. Nový) 277
Čas "boje o českou repetýrku" (D. Pazdera) 289
Ediční poznámka 310

Ediční poznámka

Sborník Čas pádu Rukopisů obsahuje studie a materiály připravené pro stejnojmenné vědecké sympozium, které se konalo v rámci druhého ročníku Zíbrtova Kostelce ve dnech 24. a 25. května 2003 v Kostelci nad Vltavou. Uspořádání příspěvků vychází z programu sympozia; jednotlivé tematické okruhy (společnost, univerzita, odpůrci Rukopisů, zastánciRukopisů, politika, kultura, umění, řemeslo) však v písemné podobě nejsou oddělovány. Záměrem sborníku je naznačit kontinuitu přirozeného prostředí zvoleného časového úseku, tj. 80. let 19. století, proto ani přílohy netvoří samostatnou část, ale jsou - v odlišné grafické úpravě - vloženy mezi jednotlivé příspěvky tak, aby je spojovaly, ilustrovaly, nebo naopak vytvářely kontrast. Za každou přílohou je uvedena základní informace o zdroji, event. ediční přístup. Konečnou redakci dílčích edic provedli editoři sborníku. Přílohy představující archivní materiál pocházejí z fondů Literárního archivu Památníku národního písemnictví, odloučené pracoviště Staré Hrady, a Státního ústředního archivu v Praze.

Příspěvky prošly jazykovou úpravou redakce; v zájmu přehlednosti celého textu byla sjednocena grafická podoba citací (příjmení autorů versálkami, názvy děl kurzívou), ve vlastních textech psaní názvů a citátů (názvy děl - včetně nejčastějšího Rukopis/Rukopisy- kurzívou bez uvozovek, názvy částí děl, kapitol, časopisů, almanachů běžným písmem bez uvozovek, citáty kurzívou v uvozovkách). Jevy pociťované jako významotvorné (např. grafické ozvláštnění potřebných výrazů, preferování staršího způsobu psaní přejatých slov, rozšíření bibliografického údaje /vydavatelství, vydání apod./, důsledné uvádění nezkrácené citace, zvolená varianta krácení citace - kromě elipsy názvu) za předpokladu důsledného užívání ponecháváme jako specifika autorského výrazu.

Čas výstavního ruchu
Studie a materiály

HISTORIA CULTURAE V, Studia 4

Vědecké sympozium Čas výstavního ruchu pořádané Historickým ústavem Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích se konalo 29. - 30. května 2004 v Kostelci nad Vltavou.

Předkládaný sborník otevírá devadesátá léta 19. století pohledem na akční rádius jejich nejvíce zjevného, reprezentačního znaku: Všeobecné zemské jubilejní výstavy (1891) a Národopisné výstavy českoslovanské (1895). Oba projekty začleňuje do evropské vlny výstavnictví, všímá si domácí geneze i přípravných výstav regionálních, zachycuje rovněž další aktivity výstavami inspirované, nebo souznějící vzepětím jiných kulturněhistorických počinů. Přílohy tvoří faksimile plánků obou výstav.

Obsah

Čas výstavního ruchu (D. Blümlová) 5
Výstavnictví v českých zemích do první světové války (M. Hlavačka) 8
Písecká hospodářská výstava 1867 (M. Hlavačka) 11
Jižní Čechy v expozici české chalupy 1891 (I. Štěpánová) 25
Hosté z Haliče. Poláci a Rusíni na pražské Jubilejní výstavě v r. 1991 (M. Ďurčanský - P. Kodera) 40
Zapomenutý triumf. Karel Krnka a Zemská jubilejní výstava (D. Pazdera) 75
Letmá procházka po restauracích pražské Jubilejní výstavy (M. Franc) 93
Nerudovy ´výstavní´ fejetony (D. Tureček) 100
Národopisná výstava na Sobotecku (K. Bílek) 111
Také na Jindřichohradecku vystavovali! (A. Zvonařová) 118
Národopisná výstavka okresu vodňanského v režii českých spisovatelů (D. Blümlová - J. Blüml) 121
Co přinesl "čas výstavní" pro řešení tzv. "jihočeské otázky" (J. Dvořák) 129
Počátky divadla Uranie (J. Rauchová) 144
Václav Štech a spolek Máj (J. Pokorný) 151
Učňovská léta Josefa Vítězslava Šimáka (23. 6. 1890 - 18. 9. 1900) (H. Kábová) 157
"Ó dobo krásná! Studie kvetou, duchové se probouzejí - jest radost živu býti!" (M. Pokorná) 185
Lakrimanti, aneb Česká literatura pohledem Švandy dudáka v polovině devadesátých let 19. století (B. Jiroušek) 194
Pik, vajs, puma (M. Sládek) 205
Česká folkloristika na sklonku 19. století: čas retrospektiv a bilancí (L. Sochorová) 211
Pražská fotografická veduta na konci 19. století (J. Bartoš) 220
Ediční poznámka 250
Seznam autorů 251

Jaroslav Goll a jeho žáci

HISTORIA CULTURAE VI, Studia 5

(edd. B. Jiroušek - J. Blüml - D. Blümlová, 704 s.)

Sborník z konference Jaroslav Goll a jeho žáci, která se konala 6.-8. dubna 2005 v Českých Budějovicích v rámci stejnojmenného grantu GA ČR, jehož nositelem je Historický ústav Jihočeské univerzity. Přibližuje problematiku českého dějepisectví na přelomu 19. a 20. století v personální, metodologické i tematické rovině s přihlédnutím k evropským souvislostem.

Obsah:

1. Několik slov úvodem (V. Bůžek - M. Novotný)
2. Historik Jaroslav Goll a jeho místo v českém dějepisectví (B. Jiroušek)
   Dzieło życia Michała Bobrzyńskiego w oczach współczesnych (I. Lewandowska-Malec)
   Oswald Marian Balzer jako zwolennik historii porównawczej prawa i ustroju(A. Karabowicz)
   L'influenza di Pasquale Villari sul pensiero italiano nella storiografia tra il 1800 e il 1900 (F. M. Fabbri)
   Tzv. Gollova škola a vídeňský "Institut" (I. Hlaváček)
   Gollova škola a Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs (E. Mikušek)
   Rakouský institut v Římě a čeští badatelé v letech 1887-1914 (J. Rauchová)
   Jaroslav Goll a počátky české kulturní historie (J. Blüml)
3. W. W. Tomek jako pedagog (M. Řezník)
   Historické myšlení Wácslawa Wladiwoje Tomka (B. Jiroušek)
   Die Stellung von Georg Waitz in der deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts (U. Muhlack)
   Josef Kalousek a Jaroslav Goll (M. Ryantová)
   Respektující rivalita: Jaroslav Goll a Jaromír Čelakovský na mocenském poli české historiografie (L. Velek)
   Jindřich Vančura a Jaroslav Goll - dějiny jednoho (ne)přátelství (D. Olšáková)
   Gollovo a Masarykovo čtení Františka Palackého (T. Hermann)
   Historikem z nouze? Sebereflexe šedesátky Jaroslava Golla (J. Čechura)
   Tři pokusy o karikaturu, resp. karikování Gollovy školy (J. Štaif)
   Historik - věc veřejná. Jaroslav Goll a česká literární moderna (L. Řezníková)
   Historie literární a Gollova škola (K. Bláhová)
4. Gollovec Josef Pekař? (Z. Beneš)
   Gollův žák Josef Šusta (J. Lach)
   Pár poznámek k "vyběrači kosů", aneb Ladislav Hofman, Viktor Dyk a TGM(D. Blümlová)
   Historické dílo Josefa Vítězslava Šimáka (H. Kábová)
   Šimákova historická vlastivěda (R. Ferstl)
   Václav Novotný (1869-1932) - žák, kolega a učitel (J. Hoffmannová)
   Vztah učitel - žák v osobní korespondenci J. Golla s G. Friedrichem (L. Sulitková)
   Jaroslav Bidlo a Gollova škola (M. Ďurčanský)
   Gollova škola a "hodný žák" Zdeněk Nejedlý (J. Křesťan)
   Jaroslav Prokeš a Otakar Odložilík ve vzájemném poměru a v poměru ke Gollovi a jeho odkazu (M. Sekyrková)
   Bedřich Mendl a sociální dějiny středověku (M. Nodl)
   František Roubík a mapy v historikově práci (P. Holát)
   František Hrubý a historický seminář v Brně (T. Borovský)
   O počiatkoch štúdia histórie na Univerzite Komenského v Bratislave (J. Baďurík)
   Studium českých náboženských dějin v období dominance Gollovy školy(Z. R. Nešpor)
5. K rodinnému zázemí Jaroslava Golla (vzpomínky Ády Hodáčové) (J. Dvořák)
   Listy z mládí. Ervín Špindler Jaroslavu Gollovi (M. Pokorná)
   Jaroslav Goll a orličtí Schwarzenbergové (Z. Bezecný)
   Jaroslav Bidlo: Moje styky s Gollem (ed. M. Ďurčanský)

Jaroslav Goll and His Followers

One Topic, Many Points of View

Summary of the Proceedings

The "Jaroslav Goll and His Followers" proceedings are based on a conference of the same name held in České Budějovice on 6 - 8 April 2005. In line with a grant provided by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, the aim of the conference was to map out the so-called Goll's School phenomenon from different points of view and in particular to take a new look at the Goll's university colleagues and their possible influences on the following generation of historians and to reflect transformations of relationships between students and Jaroslav Goll and other teachers. Thus, the proceedings are meant to initiate further research of Czech historiography at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century.

In addition to national context, the symposium discussed international aspects - relationships, inspirations, and parallels of Czech positivistic historiography with a special focus on the area of the former Cisleithania (Danube Monarchy). The organisers addressed participants to the conference, who included both Czech and foreign researchers, i.a. with the ambition to support liaisons within the younger generation of Czech historians, who have shown an increasing interest in historiography. Even though the editors of the proceedings have not succeeded in reaching all their targets, the present publication illustrates the current state of knowledge on the subject in question and in many regards it, beyond any doubt, reveals new facts, which are based on the authors' thorough and extensive archives investigations.

The introductory contribution by Bohumil Jiroušek (The Historian Jaroslav Goll and His Position in Czech Historiography) is dedicated to the personality of the historian Jaroslav Goll (1846-1929), whose pedagogical activities at Prague University are viewed in the context of the generation of his teachers (W. W. Tomek, K. Höfler), colleague historians (A. Rezek, J. Kalousek, J. Emler, etc.), and the fact that Goll's role in Czech historiography was not so significant as it has appeared to be until now (due to a poor knowledge of W. W. Tomek's legacy and German historiography in the then Bohemia) is pointed out. Above all, Goll was a teacher, his literary research legacy is rather limited and was criticised already during his life; nevertheless, not even his well-known seminars building on his studies in Göttingen supervised by G. Waitz represented enhancement of Czech historic science. However, an apparent improvement of the quality of development of Czech historic science occurred during his interaction with the generation of Jaroslav Goll's followers, Antonín Rezek, Josef Emler, or Josef Kalousek, when the establishment of a Czech university in Prague (1882) opened new opportunities and contributed to a wider academic peregrination (study stays of young Czech researchers at foreign universities).

The following block responds to the situation in European historiography in the late 19th century. Particular attention is paid to Polish historiography in Krakow, with which Czech historiography maintained close contacts at that time. Izabela Lewandowska-Malec follows the activities of the representative of the Krakow School Michał Bobrzyński, and Oswald Balzer, a legal historian, including his polemics with the historian Theodor Mommsen, Germany, for which the Czech environment has an analogy (Josef Pekař's polemics) is discussed by Anna Karabowicz. Fabio Marco Fabbri was captured by the situation of Italian historiography of the latter half of the 19th century and in particular by the research works by the key organiser of Italian historiography of that period, Pasquale Villari. Ivan Hlaváček evaluated the importance of the Institute for Austrian History within Vienna University in terms of the education of Czech historians and archivists at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century, Eduard Mikušek was the first to describe the activities of the Commission for Newer Austrian History (Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs) in connection with Antonín Rezek, its first Chairman, and Jaroslav Goll, as the coordinator of its activities in Czech lands, in more detail within Czech historiography. Jitka Rauchová monitors "Goll's School" representatives' stays in Vatican archives on the basis of resources obtained from Istituto Austriaco and Josef Blüml, who - apart from European links and inspirations - focused on the older generation of historians (people around W. W. Tomek), since Jaroslav Goll rather refused to consider cultural history - without a clear methodological background - a scientific field, discusses development of Cultural History (in particular Čeněk Zíbrt) at Prague University.

The next block attempts to define the scope of other impacts forming historiography of that time. Miloš Řezník develops our knowledge of university activities of the historian W. W. Tomek as well as of his teaching capabilities and "learners", Bohumil Jiroušek analyses Tomek's research works, when in particular his Austrian history textbooks integrated Czech history into the European context and influenced university students until as long as the early 20th century. Ulrich Muhlack examines the role of George Waitz, a historian and follower of Leopold von Ranke, in German historiography, emphasising the links to Prague (K. Höfler and J. Goll) or to Gabriel Monod, another Waitz's student, to whose Revue Historique Jaroslav Goll contributed with clearly-arranged articles about Czech history production. Marie Ryantová dedicates herself to the role of the historian Josef Kalousek at Czech University in Prague, especially to his relationship with Jaroslav Goll, which was strongly affected by their different attitudes to the Královédvorský and Zelenohorský Manuscripts (falsifications from the beginning of the 19th century claiming to date back to early Middle Ages), the genuineness of which Josef Kalousek (and partially also W. W. Tomek) tried to defend against his opponents (especially the philologist Jan Gebauer, the historian Jaroslav Goll, and the philosopher and sociologist Tomáš G. Masaryk). Luboš Velek reviews the critical attitude of Jaromír Čelakovský, a legal historian allied with the environment of W. W. Tomek and Josef Kalousek, towards the activities of Goll's School and Goll himself. Doubravka Olšáková selected the translator of Ernst Denis's works into Czech, Jindřich Vančura, and his role in Czech historiography to be the object of her interest. Ernst Denis strongly opposed Goll's critical historical school having roots in Ranke-based historicism and, on the contrary, stressed philosophical sources of historiography, which he sought in the philosopher and sociologist Tomáš G. Masaryk, whose opinions were significantly inspired by the Enlightenment/Romantic works by František Palacký. It is followed by Tomáš Hermann's contribution to the comparison of Goll's and Masaryk's standpoints on the intellectual legacy of František Palacký. The author believes that the two personalities' attitudes were much closer than their "party-liners", who were enemies arguing about the meaning of Czech history, judged.

Jaroslav Čechura analyses a unique resource concerning Goll's activities, namely an extensive letter he wrote to his student, Kamil Krofta, as information for Krofta's article on the occasion of Goll's sixtieth birthday. He believes that even though Goll decided for history, it was his occupation rather than his major love. And Kamil Krofta sees the crucial legacy Goll left behind in his critical thinking, since Goll failed to formulate a programme of future tasks for his followers. Jiří Štaif made an attempt to find traces of caricature of Jaroslav Goll, his methods, and students both in works of his opponents and followers. Thus, criticism takes roots in different environments - in the Museum of the Czech Kingdom, which supported W. W. Tomek's or Č. Zíbrt's attitudes (Václav Řezníček), Masaryk followers (Jan Herben), and - on the contrary - members of the new generation of historiography seeking inspiration in Max Weber's works or in Marxism (Jan Slavík).

Lenka Řezníková points out wide literary interests of Jaroslav Goll, author of patriotic poems (he even endeavoured to write a drama) and translator (e.g. poems by Charles Baudelaire), which the Czech Modernism (a free organisation of poets, which published the Manifesto of Czech Modernism in 1895) first refused to accept but later - when Goll was accused of decadency - they changed their mind for tactical reasons and defended Goll (1912) i.a. due to their actual resistance against Masaryk followers. Kateřina Bláhová complements this subject with her observations on the development of literary history of that time including J. Goll's attitude towards Czech philology and literary science.

The fourth segment is dedicated to the very phenomenon of the so-called Goll's School, i.e. to the key representatives of Goll's followers and to the question of how much they felt influenced by Jaroslav Goll, to what degree they polemicized with him or - on the contrary - sought support from his colleagues. The situation in Czech historiography was strongly affected by the existence of the only Czech university, as a result of which Jaroslav Goll - backed up from Vienna by a former Austrian History Professor of Prague University and the then Privy Counsellor of the Emperor, an influential official of the Ministry of Religion and Education and a later Minister-Compatriot, Antonín Rezek - could not be omitted in considerations of the possibilities of an academic career. Jaroslav Goll (supported by Josef Kalousek and later also by Professors from among "his" students) in association with Antonín Rezek handled travel grants, habilitations, as well as the first attempts for extraordinary and ordinary professorships of "his" students. Zdeněk Beneš contemplates - using the example of Josef Pekař, probably the most important historian from among the generation of Goll's followers - whether there is a continuation of Goll's approach to history, even though it is well known that Josef Pekař belonged to Goll's closest confidants. On the other hand, Jiří Lach sees the historian Josef Šusta as Goll's undoubted follower. Dagmar Blümlová analyses the attitude of Ladislav Hofman, a prematurely deceased promising historian, to Jaroslav Goll, with a particular focus on his relationship to the environment by which Hofman was inspired even more, the environment of literary world, and to Tomáš G. Masaryk. Hana Kábová deals with the research works of the first Professor of Historical National Studies of Prague University, Josef Vítězslav Šimák, who rather than to Jaroslav Goll referred to his other teachers such as Antonín Rezek or Josef Kalousek. Roman Ferstl then discusses the historical national studies concept of J. V. Šimák (and his follower in the same research field, František Roubík). Jaroslava Hoffmannová provides a detailed analysis of the activities of Václav Novotný, Professor of Czech History, and his attitudes to his teachers, colleagues, and students. Ludmila Sulitková presents relationships between Jaroslav Goll and a young candidate for the study of auxiliary historical sciences, Gustav Friedrich, in particular as regards Friedrich's preparation of a palaeography textbook. Marek Ďurčanský draws our attention to Jaroslav Bidlo, Professor of East-European History, and to his attitude to Jaroslav Goll and other university professors of that time. In addition, Ďurčanský edited Bidlo's memories of Jaroslav Goll in the Documents Section.

Jiří Křesťan focused on Zdeněk Nejedlý, Music Science Professor, who inclined to Marxism already in the interwar period and spent some time in the Soviet Union during the World War II, afterwards officially assuming the position of Professor of Czechoslovak History even though being actually more engaged in politics as a minister in many communist governments and President of the newly established Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (1952). Křesťan depicts in particular Nejedlý's attitude to his teachers (besides Goll especially Otakar Hostinský) and transformations thereof including Nejedlý's opinions about T. G. Masaryk. Milada Sekyrková devotes herself to a pair of historians (J. Prokeš and O. Odložilík, who are related in terms of their archival activities) and to their university-aimed efforts. Odložilík's life story included his assertion at Prague University but also two emigrations (during the World War II and after the Communists took control in 1948). Martin Nodl is concerned with a difficult assertion of Economic History at Prague University (comparing - among other things - Czech and German Universities in Prague) in the interwar period and in particular with the role of the leading personality of Czech social and economic history of that time, Bedřich Mendl. Pavel Holát analyses the attitude of Goll's School to maps as a historian's resource, which activity was pursued especially by František Roubík, even though no major success was achieved until the time of domination of Marxist historiography in the 1960s.

Tomáš Borovský changes to another significant topic in the development of Czech historiography. New universities, in Brno and Bratislava, were established after the formation of Czechoslovakia by a political decision of the Parliament and Government (1919). Borovský tackles the issue of existence of history-related courses at Brno University, where the pedagogues and researchers included former Moravian archivists along with Prague associate professors (who had the opportunity to be promoted to professors in Brno). Thus, besides František Hrubý Moravian historiography was influenced e.g. by Bohumil Navrátil. Jozef Baďurík discusses the situation at the first university of the Slovak nation, which - being consistently Czechoslovak - came to existence in Bratislava. The foundations of the field were laid by Czech historians - in addition to the prematurely deceased Jan Heidler also Kamil Krofta, Professor in Prague, who at the same time held the position of Ambassador in Vienna and terminated his university engagement after having been reassigned to the Embassy in Berlin, and especially Václav Chaloupecký, who was forced to release his position to Slovak candidates in 1938 as a result of a new political situation, even though he himself desired to go to Prague (to replace Josef Pekař) under the given circumstances. Zdeněk Nešpor summarises the subject of the study of religious and ecclesiastical history during the domination of Goll's School.

The last segment is of a more or less material nature and illustrates Goll's personality and research activities, when it brings important information about Jaroslav Goll's family background (in particular about his wife and children) in Jiří Dvořák's contribution, about Goll's young years and his fellow university student and roommate, Ervín Špindler, in Magdaléna Pokorná's study, and about aristocratic environment (the Orlík branch of the Schwarzenberg family and their tutor Jan Bohumil Novák, father of the historian Jan Bedřich Novák) and Goll's political activities in Zdeněk Bezecný's contribution. The last text in the proceedings is Jaroslav Bidlo's memories of Jaroslav Goll and some other teachers and university colleagues (edited by Marek Ďurčanský).

Even though Jaroslav Goll and His Followers seemingly covers a narrow subject, it is in fact an essential issue in the development of Czech historiography and a key moment in the evolution of modern Czech historiography. The time of the so-called Goll's School laid foundations for the evaluation of the image of the 19th century Czech historiography (which persisted until 1948 and to which Czech historiography returns - even though recently rather in a polemic manner - and which it reinstated after the continuity interrupted by dogmatic Marxism) and strongly contributed to stabilisation of a core of power in Czech historical science, which maintained its positions until the World War II and partially even until at least 1948, whereas some of the personalities of that group played a role in the establishment of Marxist historiography in the 1950s.

Naturally, the proceedings did not exhaust the subject in full; many historians of the former half of the 20th century are yet to be investigated while some others (František Kutnar, Zdeněk Kalista, etc.) had been evaluated within different forums, which applies also to the generation of Goll's contemporaries and teachers (particularly important is the fact that conference proceedings are currently being published also on the personality and works of W. W. Tomek). It should also be noted that many topics discussed at this symposium are subject to different viewpoints of historians - while some approach the subject in a more traditional way based on the existing depictions of Jaroslav Goll on the occasion of his life jubilees, which were summarised by Jaroslav Marek, a Brno historian, in his book called Jaroslav Goll in the 1960s (however, the book could not be published until after the fall of communism, 1991), some others show a more critical attitude to Goll's activities and legacy. Those critical standpoints are likely to appear still more often along with a higher degree of investigation of historiography of the 19th and 20th centuries, along with recognition of the impact of Prague German historiography on the 19th century Czech historiography, and - last but not least - along with an increasing interest in cultural and intellectual history within Czech historiography.

(Bohumil Jiroušek, translated by Monika Fialová)

Dagmar Blümlová: Aloys Skoumal - Ironik v české pasti

HISTORIA CULTURAE VII, Biographia 2

Monografie přibližuje osobnost Aloyse Skoumala (1904-1988), kterého autorka konfrontuje se všemi sférami kultury dvacátého století, do nichž během svého života aktivně vstupoval a zanechával v nich svou stopu. Na základě studia zdrojů, jež formovaly jeho duchovní svět, dochází k závěru, že vědomě přenesl nonkonformní pozici staroříšského Josefa Floriana do zcela odlišných podmínek prostředí i doby. Ačkoliv se jako Moravan nikdy nepřestal vymezovat vůči Praze, v níž prožil půl století, potřeboval být v centru kulturního dění, jež mu poskytovalo materiál pro v Čechách po Havlíčkovi nevídaný typ nekompromisní ironie. S jeho "boschovským" viděním nelze vždy souhlasit do důsledku; pravdou však je, že v sarkasmech a hyperbolách jeho kritik, lektorských posudků, novinových a časopiseckých článků, konferenčních vystoupení a zejména ve vlastní aforistice a v epigramech vyvstávají specifické rysy jednotlivých historických období - ať již první republiky nebo let padesátých - ve velmi ostrých konturách. Oporou pro nelehký úkol, jejž si předsevzal jako životní, mimo jiné zbavit českou kulturu "pivního pochechtávání", "fořtovské důkladnosti" a "flekovské úrovně", mu byla inspirace angloirského myšlení a literatury. Jeho překlady, na něž se plně soustředil až v druhé polovině svého tvůrčího života a jejichž osu tvoří triáda Swift - Sterne - Joyce, autorka dokládá završení Skoumalova "irského záměru".

THE "CZECH TRAP" OF THE IRONIC ALOYS SKOUMAL

An attempt to grasp Aloys Skoumal in the context of the 20th century Czech reality is first of all a "trap" in which the author who has conceived such idea gets caught since Skoumal's cultural activities are so manifold and, in a way, omnipresent that he defies the traditional biographical approaches. When talking about Skoumal, the leftist Devětsil grouping, just as well as the Catholic sources of Czech culture, theatre reviews and publishing activities, enlightened journalism and diplomatic services, university and rural tradition, English Studies in Czechoslovakia and Choral Society of Moravian Teachers, the theory and practice of Czech translation, humanistic culture and education with its pinnacles - Skoumal's translations of Swift, Stern and Joyce - or the expansion of cultural illiteracy, which provoked Skoumal to present his views in public and brought to perfection the unique tone of his satire, must be mentioned. Aloys Skoumal's life dates (the years 1904 - 1988) show that his life coincides with the development of the Czech culture of the 20th century, from its emancipation after the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak state in 1918, to the World War II twists and turns and consequent division of the world, to the wasteland of the Normalisation years, up to the threshold of the transformation following the November 1989 events and heralding the next century.

Moreover, the numerousness and diversity of Skoumal's activities continuing over and changing during a relatively long time involves the problem of social memory because by far not all Skoumal's contributions to Czech culture were fixed in writing. His voice in debates with friends or editorial discussions, his organisational skills with all wins and failures in the field of publishing strategies, the traces of his foreign activities as a Cultural Attaché in London and many other merits feel into oblivion after the departure of his coevals and eyewitnesses. Likewise, the testimonies about Skoumal's individual life story, in particular about his years as a child and student, i.e. about a time that even the memory of his family perceived only vicariously, faded out. On top of that, Aloys Skoumal did not belong to people collecting information about themselves and erecting post mortem memorials while alive. He formulated his curricula vitae briefly and precisely as perfect encyclopaedia entries where there is no place for any non-exact information. On the contrary his private letters are often expressive and include emotional content and depiction of impressions, this however only as an immediate response to certain impulses, never as evaluation of a whole (a historic event or personality and the complex of his/her life). Thus, Skoumal may seem at first sight to disregard some circumstances although the opposite is true. He never, whether in the public or private domain, misused language for idle description of significant but previously formulated situations. Skoumal expressed the period of history in which he took part through topical ideas or topical perceptions, which he tried to articulate as precisely as possible. It is not a chronographic approach but a creative principle what brings Skoumal close to the literary method of authors who kept attracting him as a translation challenge.

The resources underlying the text about Aloys Skoumal, an ironist in a Czech trap, (any relevant literature exists only for secondary areas of the subject) gradually grew to include several hundred items: documents, articles, records, aphorisms, epigrams, letters, etc. Due to the above-mentioned attributes of a majority of those resources the work necessarily and largely involved procedures going beyond the usual practice of historical research: looking at every formulation with increased suspicion, since it usually carried more than a mere lexical meaning, more guessing and skating on thin ice, more believing in intuition and hoping for good luck. Despite the numerous pitfalls emerging in the topic from the very beginning of the research, despite all revisions of the author's slips, the author can but confess that the two decades of circling around the topic of Aloys Skoumal were enriching both in terms of knowledge and personal meetings. Thus, the author's "trap" closed leaving the author firmly convinced that the omnipresent Skoumal can be considered a criterion of the development of the culture of 20th century.

The "Czech trap" of Aloys Skoumal has three dimensions. First, also chronologically, there is the essential Moravian patriotism confronted with the Czech or, more precisely, Prague reality. Second, there is the Irophile confronted with the Czech modification of a "small" nation. And third, there is humanistic attitude confronted with the stupidity of the cultural ignorance of the Czech society after 1948 - the culmination of the offered triad, which embraces both the resources and limits of Skoumal's lifelong activity. The title of the final chapter, Aloys Skoumal, an Ironist in a Czech trap, is meant to express the foregoing by paraphrasing the motto of Captain Nemo in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, replacing the original Latin phrase in mobili with the opposite: in immobili. Mobilis in immobili - Mobile in immobile. The mobile, variable, non-classable, escaping Aloys Skoumal (as a young man he accused himself of unruliness and used i.a. the literary pseudonym Próteus), set in a static environment levelling out both depth and height, reinforced with stereotypes of lowbrow thinking and later tied by an indestructible ideology. A man who does not resign and who - not demonstratively but persistently, using inconspicuous weapons - pounds on the trap shaping his creative potential and his life's mission. Thus, the end of the book returns to the initial picture of the little curious and courageous mongoose Rikki-tikki-tavi from Kipling's Jungle Book, which Aloys Skoumal and his wife Hana also translated.

The narration of the book starts with a description of the Skoumal family's country, of the particularities of the Moravian region of Haná, where Skoumal was born in the village of Pačlavice in 1904. Also, the names of two important Czech writers, Jan Čep and František Halas, for whom the genius loci of the countryside they belonged to was the key factor for their works, are mentioned at the very beginning. Both of them were Skoumal's close friends, as convincingly evidenced in particular by his unpublished correspondence with them. If Čep and Halas represent two lines of the bearing axis of the Czech literature of the first half of the 20th century, the Čep's one growing from the merciless tradition of Catholic spirituality and the one represented by Halas from the feeling of pain of evanescence, Skoumal's place is between them. Skoumal shares Čep's tradition of rural education, church and land while with Halas he shares the motifs of love, poverty and activity. Halas is the key to deciphering the reason that Skoumal was so difficult to classify, which was not understood but in principle accurately described by Václav Černý in his Memoirs, "The little Aloys Skoumal sniffed like a ferret between the right and left wings". The stereotypes of Czech thinking include the endeavour to classify and categorize. That requirement Skoumal strongly defied, wherefore there might be opposing evaluations of Skoumal and which is why he is omitted in the history of Czech literature, which accepts him only in a neutral position as a translator today.

Aloys Skoumal's nature was formed by his family and by the country his family was tied to. His intellectual life woke up at the Kroměříž Gymnasium. There was a good reason for nicknaming Kroměříž "Athens of the Haná region". The ecclesiastic grammar school was the cultural centre of the small town, which maintained a pleasant rural ambiance while radiating a unique spirituality borne by the most talented priests of the diocese sent to Kroměříž by the Olomouc Archbishopric, which used the town as a summer residence. The grammar school was the midpoint of not only education but also music, which has been an attribute of Kroměříž to the present day. The Gymnasium was established by the Piarist Order known in particular for its engagement in philosophical studies. The school maintained that spirit even after the Order had left. Skoumal, who always belonged to excellent students, was also a temple choir scholarship holder. Classical philology and music were the basic constants of his sense of language, not only in the translation domain.

The end of the studies in Kroměříž witnessed a new - and substantial - inspiration. Skoumal met Josef Florian, an initiator and implementer of a unique publishing business with virtually no financial resources, yet with excellent results, successful also abroad. In Stará Říše, an out-of-the-way place in the poor Vysočina region, Florian published high-quality books in a graphical design that even reputable Prague publishing houses would not dare. The reason that he succeeded, that he managed to turn his house into a place of concentrated spirituality, consisted in his charismatic personality. Unlike a rather mystic interpretation of Martin C. Putna, a literary historian, we find Florian's influence in particular in the rehabilitation of the forgotten term "manly deed", which must - not may - fill a man's life and which urges others to follow. That much Aloys Skoumal learned from Josef Florian and that principle he honoured. The debates held at Stará Říše also gave rise to Skoumal's interest in Ireland, which became the means of his life's mission Skoumal set for himself: to introduce to his small nation various forms of the thinking and feeling of the comparable - both in terms of fate and tradition - Irish nation, to dismantle the Czech narrow-mindedness and lack of faith by presenting its great historic and literary events, to contribute to restoration of the stagnant Czech prose by showing the spontaneous Irish narration, to unveil the dullness of the domestic Catholic politicking by evoking the natural paths of Christianity in the green Erin, and to use the Irish sense of humour to fight against the passion of Czech people for justifying their own imperfections. Skoumal's translations of the works by J. Swift, L. Stern and J. Joyce form the imaginary "backbone" of that lifelong programme. Its "body" is composed of all Skoumal's presentations of Ireland and Irish culture in smaller-scale translations of less known authors, in encyclopaedia entries, lectures and popularising articles, as well as of the ironic charge of Skoumal's reviews and in particular of his own epigrammatic works. The author's hypothesis of Skoumal's "Irish programme" is supported by accidentally discovered correspondence exchanged during the first years of his studies in Prague with his friend from the Kroměříž Gymnasium, Vojtěch Cvek, with whom he first visited Stará Říše and whom he dedicated the article titled A Journey to Ireland.

Aloys Skoumal came to the Philosophical Faculty of the Charles University in Prague to study primarily English and Romance Studies, which was rather a rare combination among his colleagues because Roman Studies students prepared for teaching at secondary schools while English Studies was an exclusive field of study in Bohemia in the 1920s and the students headed for schools only exceptionally. Skoumal's classmates, especially those attending the seminar led by Vilém Mathesius, an originator of the Prague Linguistic Circle, were socially very different from the social spectrum Skoumal saw in Moravia. In addition to the anonymous bustle of Prague streets, the contacts with male and female (who prevailed at the English Studies Department) members of higher social classes were the first signal of an urban character of the new stage of Skoumal's life. Skoumal looked for reconciliation with Prague first in its temples, later in the community of the Prague editorial office of the Catholic-oriented Rozmach journal, in Olomouc edited by Jaroslav Durych. At the editorial board meetings he also soon coped with the new environment of city cafés, which he disliked due to their lack of spirituality but which attracted him due to the easiness of meetings and dialogues. It was a preparation for later gatherings of leftist intellectuals around Devětsil and a signal for more open communication with his colleagues, Anglicists, to whom he got closer, thanks to his new experience, only then. The link between Devětsil and the university was maintained by Erik Adolf Saudek, a future translator of Shakespeare and next to J. Čep and F. Halas Skoumal's third close friend. Skoumal and Saudek shared an interest in theatre and lectures given by the Germanist Otokar Fischer, but it was above all an identical ironical and detached point of view what they had in common. Also their families later established and maintained close contacts and supported each other in difficult life situations.

The ambitious Skoumal soon made a very good impression in the English Studies seminar led by V. Mathesius, who - with the support of Lützow's scholarship - sent him to study in Ireland. Study stays in Great Britain and the United States were an attractive novelty at the university. The first scholarship holders among the Prague English Studies students include Hana Duxová, who spent two years at the Vassar College in Poughkeepsie. The extensive correspondence sent to her on a regular basis by her friend Lidmila Kočová, a Prague publisher's daughter, was one of the most valuable resources concerning the subject of this book. The many dozens letters of the spontaneous and intelligent observer provide a very accurate picture of the every-day university life and entertainment of young intellectuals in Prague in the mid-1920s. After she returned from the USA, the well-educated Hana attracted the attention of her one-year-younger colleague, Skoumal, and the couple got married in 1931.

However, the marriage took place only when they had moved to Olomouc, where Skomal was employed as the Study Library librarian in 1929 to 1933. The years in Olomouc, which had many positive aspects - the first two out of Skoumal's four children who lived to reach adulthood were born and his translation of J. Swift's Gulliver's Travels was published in Olomouc - showed that the Moravian environment could not satisfy Aloys Skoumal, that he saw the so-called "Metropolis of the Haná region" as a small-town imitation of the Prague social events, which was so difficult to get used to, which drove him mad, but which he needed for his intellectual life. Only his presence in the very centre of cultural life could satisfy his dynamic spirit's need for taking part. Skoumal's desire for Prague proves that the previous years spent in the city set up a "trap".

In 1933 Skoumal returned to Prague, where he lived with his family until his death in 1988. He had a number of occupations in Prague, his work for the Vyšehrad publishing house being the most important one. Skoumal's life was filled with many other intensively felt cultural activities which is why he sought, time to time, soothing stays in the natural milieu of the country, where he restored his mental strength worn out by a too expressive perception of Czech reality and found quiet for his literary work. His two long-term stays not only outside Prague but also outside Bohemia had rather different meanings. The first one brought Skoumal to Klettendorf in Silesia where he, married to a Jewess, was interned in 1944. Hana Skoumalová was experiencing the most torturing period of her life and all the love and vigour of their relationship is embodied in the letters they exchanged during the last year of the WWII.

The other trip abroad was initiated by Skoumal, who offered his knowledge of the English language and British environment to the service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was reputedly selected for the position of a Cultural Attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in London by Edward Beneš himself. He was supposed to serve also in Dublin but that plan failed. Skoumal took up the office in 1947 and held it until 1953 when he was deported within the repressions in response to the problems concerning the British Council in the after-February Czechoslovakia. While in London, he endeavoured to present the best of Czech and Slovak culture and his greatest merit consists in the promotion of Czechoslovak music ensembles in Western Europe. A certain political naivety of Skoumal is implied by his eager curiosity about a new social and cultural milieu after the February 1948 coup d'etat and by his complaining that he could not be where something new - and as he imagined wonderful - was coming to life. Soon after his return to that "new" Czechoslovakia he was to realize what a deformed shape the former ideals took and how also his former friends from the Devětsil period changed. If before the war his ironic edge was aimed at the half-hearted townies of the First Republic, new targets emerged in front of him now: the governmental ignorance devastating education, art, science. At that moment all his strength concentrated into two lines of expression: satire and translation. The book pays special attention to both of them.

Already at the beginning of his university studies Skoumal was looking for a domain to make the best of his literary talent he was endowed with and of which he was well aware. With Jan Čep on the one hand and František Halas on the other hand his position was rather complicated. His self-criticality chased away thoughts about poetry laurels in good time even though he was thoroughly versed in poetics and had a gentle critical sense of poetry. This can be convincingly illustrated e.g. with Skoumal's evaluations of Halas's collections contained in private letters. With a slightly pretended contempt he mentioned to a former schoolmate in 1925 that he was certainly going to be a "mere epigrammatist". Naturally, he knew what an important role satire, the only genre of art directly participating in social affairs, played in the history of European culture. And as we already know, that was Skoumal's ambition as well. Inspired by Martial, Swift, Karl Kraus but also by the Czech author Karel Havlíček, he created a specific satiric diction, which got out of the rut of Czech tradition. It was one of the reasons - apart from ideological ones - that his collection of epigrams called Budiždán ("Begiven"), a pun based on the name of the National Revival song Tomu věnec budiž dán ("To Him the Wreath Shall Be Given"), never came out. The author of this book published a selection of texts from that Skoumal's collection supplemented with texts from his literary heritage under the name Malý Budiždán Aloyse Skoumala in 2004. The educational irony of Skoumal's apt epigrams and aphorisms is also a sui generis "Czech trap", which requires comprehensive intelligence - his works are full of other-language terms, philological playfulness and cultural history allusions - and a sense of critique or, more precisely, awareness of the importance of that kind of expression. Czech culture went through a destructive development in the 20th century and Czech nature was able to accept only kind satire. The Swift-like sternness is still alien to the Czech nation and an author writing sternly will be classified as an enemy. If not many people understood and were willing to understand Skoumal's accurate formulations during his life, there are even fewer of them now.

Translation occupied the largest part of Skoumal's life. The bibliography of the titles he translated into Czech mainly from the English language comprises more than forty books and as such becomes the most visible trace of his works. We have already mentioned however that translation is only one of the components of his lifelong activity with a constant aim and single strategy. In Mathesius's seminar Skoumal translated Swift's verses On the Death of Dr. Swift and a quarter-century later, in 1953, he published his translations of Swift's best texts including Gulliver's Travels under the name Selected Works. Another twenty years later he noted down that Swift had an excusable "weakness": recognition of the value of his own works. We believe that the same was true about Skoumal as well. Swift was Skoumal's twin; Laurence Sterne, the "English Rabelais", and James Joyce presented an intellectual challenge to him. The accompanying essays that often resulted from Skoumal's thorough exploration of the cultural-history context of the translated work frequently imply the potential of research, which usually fails to arouse other researchers' interest due to adverse effects of specialisation. This concerns for example Skoumal's study on Slavic translations of Ulysses, which shows i.a. the possibility of perceiving the Joyce's novel as a criterion of the cultural level of the nation that the novel penetrates through language. That offer urged the author to add to the Slavic comparison two younger translations into Slovak and Russian. Besides his own translation production and related literary history and literary science work Skoumal was an important organiser of Czech translation, which from the beginning of the 19th century profoundly shaped Czech culture without winning an adequate social recognition. The dominant feature of the Skoumal's efforts was establishing the Dialog journal dedicated to artistic translation issues. The scope of the periodical - published at a varying frequency in 1957 - 1969 and nowadays forgotten and rather unobtainable - went beyond the subject of translatology towards more general issues of literature and literary sciences, through which it reflected the social climate of the period.

In the latter half of the 1950s the climate, whose impacts on Czech culture Aloys Skoumal felt too expressively, began to adversely affect his health. Skoumal's crisis accompanied by subsistence problems and the first touch of old age was solved by him being granted an invalidity pension in 1958. That was a key moment, the crucial requirement, for his concentration on translation activities. Skoumal's comments on his everyday reading and work-related appointments or meeting friends, family dialogues or landscape impressions, which he started to note down in the mid-1950s, gave rise to a short chapter called One Year in the Life of Aloys Skoumalovich. The name paraphrases Alexander Solzhenitsyn's bestseller One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which made Solzhenitsyn famous in the early 1960s. Our text is not meant to evoke a Soviet reality; we seek a similarity in the process of coping with restricting conditions where a seemingly harmless Czech "trap", i.e. the period in which "poets became scarecrows" and "the regime taught even toddlers to say 'fuck' several times a day", stands in stead of the Russian gulag. In a mosaic of significant details comprising a year in the life of a fifty-year-old intellectual we track his endeavour to find his own modus vivendi.

Even though gifted much more than many successful scholars, Aloys Skoumal had only few opportunities to enter the preserve of science. Yet, he could be free in his literary-history translation essays where he used explanatory notes very little, if at all. The man, whom his creative efforts always led to a perfect refinement of his ideas, knew very well what impairs the continuity of thoughts in a text. If wishing to acquaint the reader with the sources of his own interpretation, he presented them at the end. Therefore the text about Aloys Skoumal, an ironist in a Czech trap is concluded with a set of references to sources, supplements and glosses, whose title is again a paraphrase; this time a paraphrase of the name of Skoumal's translation (made together with his wife Hana in 1961) of Lewis Carroll's classical work - A. Skoumal's Adventures in Sourceland and Behind the Looking Glass.

Dagmar Blümlová: Teskný historik Ladislav Hofman

HISTORIA CULTURAE VIII, Biographia 3

Monografie se věnuje osobnosti předčasně zesnulého historika Ladislava Hofmana (1876-1903), kterého vykládá z hlediska dispozic výjimečného talentu a vzdělanosti i evropského kulturněhistorického kontextu.

Obsah

L. K. Hofmana život poté 5
Cestou k osobnosti 24
Společenství ztracených 45
Stručná anamnéza pokrokářství 65
Dispozice 65
Intermezzo prvé, aneb Tlučení voken 74
Cestou k prosinci 75
O dvou zkřehlých srdcích 80
Intermezzo druhé, aneb Bažení po nekonečném 82
Politická epizoda? 90
Křesání jisker ze lhostejného křemene 93
Cestou k dílu 109
Dovětek citový 147
Teskný historik Ladislav Hofman 168
Průvodce labyrintem L. K. Hofmana 178
Základní prameny a literatura 233
Ladislav Hofman, a Wistful Historian 246

Ladislav Hofman, a Wistful Historian

The name of Ladislav Hofman (1876-1903) does not belong to those widely known thanks to school education. However, he has never disappeared from the attention of Czech historiography completely although he died early, at the age of 27, and his works comprise about thirty mostly shorter studies. Interestingly enough, one can find a reminder of him in every decade after his death and the reminders differ from each other, as the way he is presented also illustrates the transformations of Czech spiritual climate. His position in Czech historiography and Czech culture in general started establishing immediately after he died, during the first decade of the 20th century. The uninformed may be surprised at the necrologies speaking about his exceptionality as a man and as a researcher, about "the best of the best", about geniality and a grievous loss of a prematurely sealed fate. The first part of Hofman's collected works (L. K. Hofmana Sebrané spisy, 1904) containing research studies and papers is published at an unparalleled speed, already in the following year. The editors, Hofman's colleagues and contemporaries, Julius Glücklich and Kamil Krofta are simultaneously preparing the publication of part two, an important event not only for the historical domain but also for literature. Even though not coming out until 1905, the book was still published within an admirably short time compared with the usual practice in that publication segment. The second part of Hofman's works is subtitled "Miscellaneous Works" and apart from several demonstrations of his own literary efforts it comprises in particular his personal diaries and correspondence. Although the edition is deliberately inconsistent (the editors restricted passages that they found to be socially unacceptable), the second part brought a very detailed picture of the thinking and feeling of the man at the turn of the 20th century, "enfant perdu" of the Czech fin de siècle. Compared with a number of personal diaries originating in the 19th century, of which the existence of diaries is typical, those written by Hofman significantly differ by their double construction focus: they are not only a tool of the clarification of a way towards one's own identity but also a historical resource on the most topical issues created intentionally for future historiography. This is a key to the interpretation of Hofman's personality and works, as the unity thereof is composed of permeation of his artistic and historical perception, which is reflected already in the selected title of the presented work "Ladislav Hofman, a Wistful Historian" referring to the principal thesis that unlike other historians and researchers in general Hofman cannot be explicated by presenting exact facts.

The publication of Hofman's diaries, which suddenly revealed his most intimate and until then hidden inner world, uncovered an interesting fact concerning his closest friends. Posthumously, through his commentaries, Hofman encouraged them to pursue his own aim, i.e. to look at themselves in a new light and "set out" for a journey to themselves. The appeal of Hofman's legacy was so binding that the traces thereof can be found until the 1920s, in particular on the occasion of the erection of a headstone on Hofman's grave in Brno. Not only the words spoken, not only the participation of important representatives of Czech research and culture (Josef Šusta, Julius Glücklich, Arne Novák, Viktor Dyk and others) but also the sculpture monument unveiled in November 1928 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Hofman's death emphasise - and determine for the future - that their, the living ones', significance yields to his memory. The symbolism of the sculpture presenting three female figures in a deep sadness is a metaphor of his unfulfilled life accompanied by the threat of tuberculosis appearing in his family's medical history, of which he actually died, by harrowing doubts as to whether he would have enough time and be able to create grand work. However, pain (the statue on his grave could bear that name) was not a destructive component of Hofman's work as some historians of the latter half of the 20th century believed (F. Kutnar, T. Vojtěch). On the contrary, in his credo presented in his diary he expressed his idea of a historian becoming the author of a grandiose work only if his soul is "softened by pain" through which - not purely rationally - he is able to see as far as to the most concealed places of human personalities and doings. Hofman's approach to the subject of history is one of a creator, not of a man practising - no matter how perfectly - a profession he was trained for. The tragic prickle of the knowledge of human fate is always, not only under the specific circumstances towards the end of the 19th century, substantial for creators, whom we tend to seek solely in the artistic domain. Regarding Czech literature, this was precisely expressed e.g. by poet František Halas, a generation younger than Hofman, presenting the idea that only sadness is "centripetal", concentrates the strength of the perception of life as well as the creative image being a reflection thereof. Although Czech poetry has many other similar examples, Halas is mentioned deliberately due to his translations of several books of poetry by Polish Romanticist Adam Mickiewicz, to whom Hofman dedicated his most extensive study (Adam Mickiewicz, 1900), whereas Dziady - ceremonies for the dead - dominate Halas's translations, Mickiewicz's works as well as Hofman's interest in those works.

A similar term is used by literary historian Arne Novák nicknaming Hofman's home "the temple of exequies" with reference to the family's predisposition to tuberculosis (the term "exequies" comes from Latin, denoting festive burial ceremonies). Thus, we have found additional argumentation for Hofman's connection with art and justification of calling the researcher a "wistful historian". It is typical that his legacy was reminded of mainly by representatives of literature during the first half of the 20th century. Besides above-mentioned Arne Novák, a close friend who understood the wistful tones of Hofman's moods and his sense of beauty, they included Viktor Dyk, a writer, poet and politician. Dyk saw the deceased Hofman predominantly as a symbol of a progressive youth movement, the so-called "progressivism", which prompted the young generation of the late 1880s and early 1890s to protest against the then politics, culture and ethics. In this sense Dyk dedicated to Hofman two novels (Konec Hackenschmidův, 1904 and Prosinec, 1905) from a planned tetralogy aimed to depict that specific Czech atmosphere from the beginnings of the movement to the extinction thereof. Hofman also became the argument of a polemic between Dyk and T.G. Masaryk in the period press in 1905-1910.

Hofman acquainted himself with Masaryk's name and works during his attendance of a grammar school in 1887-1895 in Hradec Králové, a town whose genius loci shaped his personality and became his intellectual home while his physical home was in a nearby village, Černilov. His interest in Masaryk was aroused by professor Jindřich Vančura. Impressed in particular by Masaryk's Česká otázka, Hofman looked forward to his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prague also because he would have the opportunity to meet the author, so popular among secondary-school students, in person. His enthusiasm however soon vanished. Expecting energy and a glowing brightness in analysing problems, which Masaryk's books implied, he met a "lifeless, worn, austerely grey figure", as he noted down in his diary. Moreover, he who encouraged young people to cut down idols was becoming one, was reluctant to accept criticism, little sympathetic to emerging modern art, too didactic, and free of any passion. Although Hofman did not support many of his ideas, he seemed to adopt Masaryk's authority to measure, for the rest of his life, his judgements on topical issues of the time.

A few years after Masaryk, as the third-year university student, he first met professor Jaroslav Goll, whose seminar of History he attended. Goll soon noticed a talented student and decided to pay special attention to him. Since Goll himself had literary ambitions, he appreciated the young History student's exploration of the space between research and literature. In order to keep him within "pure" history, Goll assigned him a subject far from literature and, thus, the study Husité a koncilium Basilejské v letech 1421-1422 was written and published in 1901. In the latter half of the 20th century, when Hofman's generation was no longer alive, Czech historiography allocated him a place in the context of the so-called "Goll School" and, thanks to the aforesaid study, ascribed research interest in the Middle Ages to him. Both the theses are wrong. Hofman was a complete personality already when he came to university and Goll influenced mainly the progress of his career, arranging scholarships at universities in Berlin and Paris for him, seeking a job where Hofman could devote his time to research, assigning him tasks on a regular basis (usually review obligations), and constantly appealing to his will to cope with all problems, which was relevant especially after no job in Prague was available for "the best of the best" and he had to accept the job of a library clerk in Brno. The position was a good, perhaps even enviable, one in terms of salary but Hofman did not find that important. Leaving Prague, he lost all his close contacts and stimulating intellectual environment, which inspired him to ask questions and seek answers. Brno, a foreign - predominantly German - town, emphasised his loneliness, contributing to a rapid progress of the illness of which he died as early as on 3 November 1903. The opportunity to see links between Hofman's personality and his literary legacy did not arise until the discovery of his diaries.

Hofman kept accusing himself of dilettantism, fidgetiness, which prevented him from concentrating on a single problem deeply and in the long term. However, looking at that rather small set of his works with the benefit of hindsight, one will find out that even seemingly distant topics are connected by the author's personality. From his early years at the grammar school he was intensely immersed in national and social issues and uncompromisingly tested his own religious faith. He sought a reflection of those three history forces in both collective and individual activities, seeing the precondition of action as the key attribute of true humanity in them. Hofman saw the pinnacle of achievement in a work of art - in particular in a literary work - embracing the greatest strength to influence human lives. All the said elements he found in Mickiewicz, which is why Hofman's study on him is so suggestive. It depicts what permanently occupied Hofman's mind, filled his diaries and what we could call the anatomy of a creative act in a compact form, for within a closed destiny.

Hofman's translation from French of Psychologie des foules by Gustav Le Bon, which he named Duše davů, was his first published work (in 1895). His paper concerning the Czech translation of Friedrich Nietzsche's Unzeitgemäßen Betrachtungen (in Czech Nečasové úvahy) published in January of Hofman's death year, 1903, was the last one. This is a symbolic framework for the inner world of a tragic solitaire, who passionately desired to leave a trace that would not disappear after his departure. Finding a consistent picture of the spiritual climate of the late 19th century both in his private notes and research works, this work endeavours to confirm that his efforts were successful.

Čas moderny (Studie a materiály)

HISTORIA CULTURAE IX, Studia 6

Vědecké sympozium Čas moderny pořádané Historickým ústavem Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích se konalo 28. - 29. května 2005 v Kostelci nad Vltavou.

Východiskem vhledu do českých kulturních dějin přelomu 19. a 20. století je tentokrát pojem moderna. Jednotlivé příspěvky se věnují jak pojmům moderna a modernost ve společnosti, kultuře a politice, tak jednotlivým osobnostem, které s modernou souvisely. Česká moderna je rovněž konfrontována se zahraničními analogiemi, připomínají se rovněž její kořeny a dozvuky ve 20. století. Přílohy tvoří faksimile dokumentů a textů české moderny i jejich perzifláží.

Obsah

Čas moderny (B. Jiroušek) 5
Společenská modernizace a česká intelektuální elita v 19. století. Několik úvah na dané téma (J. Štaif) 10
Konzervativní rozbřesk moderny (M. Hlavačka) 49
Česká literatura 19. století na cestě k modernosti (A. Haman) 60
Gotická duše moderny. Gotika a gotický román v české literatuře přelomu 19. a 20. století (L. Řezníková) 71
Dekadentní erotická poezie: mezi provokací a konvencí (D. Tureček) 117
Básník s erbem lva a samotou v duši. Motivy samoty, smrti a šlechtictví v tvorbě Jiřího Karáska ze Lvovic v letech devadesátých (V. Grubhoffer) 128
Senzitiv s duší až k zoufalství rozjitřenou. Poznámky k uměleckému temperamentu esejisty Arthura Breiského (P. Nový) 148
Odkaz katolické moderny v díle Jaroslava Durycha (M. Halamová) 169
O jednom typu proměny literárního modelu moderny (V. Novotný) 176
Česká moderna v Uhrách, maďarská moderna v Čechách - Karel Šarlih(M. Husová) 184
Lotyšská básnická moderna. Zdroje - vývoj - souvislosti (I. Malý) 235
Zapomenutý turnovský básník Josef Vítězslav Šimák (Hana Kábová) 257
Vilém Peča, básník a učitel (K. Bílek) 287
Jaroslav Goll - překladatel Charlese Baudelaira (B. Jiroušek) 301
Epistula non erubescit. Korespondence Č. Zíbrta s J. Gollem, J. Kalouskem, L. Niederlem, J. Pekařem a A. Rezkem (R. Kocourková) 311
Zíbrtův přítel Alois Simonides a jeho strana (J. Pokorný) 375
Macharovo žertování (D. Blümlová) 380
Snaha o modernizaci hereckého projevu. Dramatická škola Národního divadla (J. Rauchová) 399
Modernismus jako "stálý" fenomén (M. Průková) 408
Mezi ohřívadlem, soudní síní a autobusem. Vír tezí k dějinám utváření liturgického prostoru prolétlý kostelem sv. Vojtěcha v českobudějovických Čtyřech Dvorech (M. Gaži) 421

Česká a československá účast na mezinárodních kongresech historických věd

HISTORIA CULTURAE X, Studia 7

(ed. B. Jiroušek)

Sborník shrnuje referáty přednesené ve stejnojmenné sekci 23. světového kongresu SVU v červnu 2006 v Českých Budějovicích; danou problematiku tak sleduje českou optikou. Od úvodního zamyšlení Zdeňka Beneše nad významem dialogu v historické vědě se obsah přesouvá k referátům Dagmar Blümlové, Jiřího Lacha, Bohumila Jirouška, Jitky Rauchové, Zuzany Gilarové, Ivana Malého a Jaroslava Pánka, v nichž se seznamujeme s českou /československou/ účastí a výjimečně i neúčastí na těchto vrcholných setkáních světové historické vědy v letech 1898-2005. Jednotlivé příspěvky jsou doplněny stručným anglickým shrnutím.

Obsah sborníku

Úvodem

Věda jako monolog a dialog (Z. Beneš)

Mezinárodní setkání historiků před první světovou válkou (zejména kongresy v Berlíně a Londýně) (D. Blümlová)

Českoslovenští historici na meziválečných mezinárodních historických sjezdech (J. Lach)

Od Paříže k Vídni (Československo a kongresy let 1950-1965) (B. Jiroušek)

Moskevský historický kongres 1970 (J. Rauchová)

Mezinárodní kongresy historických věd v San Francisku (1975), Bukurešti (1980) a Stuttgartu (1985) a československá historická obec (Z. Gilarová - I. Malý)

Česká účast na mezinárodních kongresech historických věd v letech 1990-2005 (J. Pánek)

Ediční poznámka

Seznam autorů

Bohumil Jiroušek: Jaroslav Goll. Role historika v české společnosti

HISTORIA CULTURAE XI, Biographia 4

Monografie je věnována výkladu role historika Jaroslava Golla v české společnosti, tj. vedle biografického aspektu se autor zabývá především vztahem dobového diskursu a paradigmatu historické vědy, konceptualizací problematiky tzv. Gollovy školy, přičemž závěry z této knihy vyplývající ukazují, že Jaroslav Goll je představitelem především období kumulativní fáze vědy, kdy k výraznějším změnám paradigmatu historické vědy pod jeho vlivem nedochází.

Jaroslav Goll. The Historian's Role in Czech Society

A majority of the existing Czech researches emphasise an extraordinary role of Jaroslav Goll (1846-1929) in Czech historiography. The basic normative handbook Synoptic History of Czech and Slovak Historiography as well as the biography Jaroslav Goll by Jaroslav Marek are based - in line with the jubilee articles and necrologies concerning J. Goll - on the idea that Goll represents a new stage of Czech research, which only thanks to him achieves a level comparable with that of the European historical science of that time. The milestone - the beginnings of the Goll's School - is said to date back to the 1880s, when Goll opened a History seminar at the Czech Prague University established in 1882 after the former Karl-Ferdinand University split. That position was disturbed by Karel Kazbunda in his monumental work Department of History at the Prague University even before publication of the above-mentioned books, to a certain degree actually in as early as the 1960s, and Zdeněk Beneš and Jiří Štaif in their studies published in the 1990s.

The then interpretation formed by Jaroslav Marek following Goll's and Pekař's 19th century view of Czech historiography development was based on the idea that a chasm of decline was yawning in Czech historiography after the time of František Palacký's generation, which would be bridged over only by the generation of Jaroslav Goll and his contemporaries. However, that view disregarded the role of Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomek and his contemporary, German professor Konstantin Adolf Höfler, in the formation of the course of History at the Prague University and in education of a new generation of researchers and the intellectual paradigms of their research works. Moreover, the view omitted the outstanding role of Goll's contemporaries (from the professors of the Faculty of Philosophy in particular Antonín Rezek and Josef Kalousek) before 1882 and the overall situation at the University, when the language aspect prevailed in interpretations and, thus, German seminars of History were ignored in the discourse interpretation. Nevertheless, it is the relationships and thought influences of Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomek, Josef Kalousek, Antonín Rezek, Jaroslav Goll and Josef Emler that should be considered one of the key milestones in understanding the modern Czech historiography as the history of thinking, as a kind of intellectual history, at which long-range goal - even though not accessible yet - a similar research must necessarily aim.

Investigating history has a long and relatively strong tradition in Czech lands; historical thinking was part of the foundations of the National Revival. Undoubtedly, the intellectual legacy of František Palacký and his research works is the peak of romantic historical considerations. On the other hand, we should admit that many historians never supported Palacký's ideas or even took views that were very different from Palacký's liberal tendencies. On the contrary, the conservative branch, whose foundations were laid by Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomek, was a particularly influential stream of Czech thinking among historians (e.g. in the works of Antonín Rezek, Josef Pekař or Zdeněk Kalista), as can be clearly observed already before 1848.

Thus, seeing Jaroslav Goll as the founder of a new level of Czech thinking concerning history, as the first Czech representative of positivistic thinking is more than questionable, and his History and Historiography was too overvalued in Czech historiography. In no case the said work is the constituting element of a new stage of historiography; on the contrary, it should be perceived as a codification of a paradigm threatened by new tendencies that are present in T. G. Masaryk's ideas and in the emerging Czech cultural history.

Positivism was considered one of the crucial resources of research work already by Josef Kalousek, and the so-called descriptive historiography, represented mainly by Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomek, can - in Tomek's works - be derived from Leopold von Ranke's principles, from the tradition of German historicism, to which also Jaroslav Goll inclined.

Jaroslav Goll was born in a family of a doctor, in an environment close to aristocracy, even though his father was not much fascinated by that milieu. Thus, Goll got to know rather the lifestyle of the urban dignitaries. He left Chlumec nad Cidlinou to live in Mladá Boleslav, later in Hradec Králové and finally to study in Prague. He started his studies at the Faculty of Philosophy of the then Karl-Ferdinand University in 1864/65. The range of his interests was relatively wide: from history of literature and linguistics to aesthetics, arts (in particular Jan Erazim Vocel's lectures), philosophy, logic, geography and history. He was not the kind of student to specialise, to focus his interest on a single field of study. After all, he is known to see himself predominantly as a poet at that time; in the early 1870s he even published an anthology of Czech poetry and a collection of his poems. In 1874 he was an editor of Lumír, a journal of literature, and an important translator of poetry.

After completing his studies in Prague he shortly worked as a secondary school teacher and after the relationships between Austria-Hungary, France and Prussia calmed down, he was admitted to the Göttingen University, where he - in the winter term of 1871/72 - attended Waitz's General History of Constitution and History Seminar, Pauli's Contemporary History after 1815 and History Seminar, Wieseler's Interpretation of Selected Works of Art in Archeology Seminar and Müller's Paleography and Diplomatics. In the summer term he did not participate in any Waitz's courses, attending Pauli's History Seminar and History of English Constitution, Steindorff's Reviews of Old Imperial Resources, Stern's History of English Revolution, and Unger's Interpretation of Old Christian Art Heritage. Afterwards he became a research secretary in the services of George Bancroft, American historian and the then ambassador to Berlin, and made a short study & holiday trip to libraries and archives in Holland and London.

While the Berlin period and his trips can be seen as broadening his horizons or investigation of documents concerning Czech studies (in particular documents on J. A. Komenský), only his Prague and Göttingen studies are important for interpretation of Goll's approach to history and for evaluation of his following career as a teacher and researcher. Interpretation of World History - the future specialism of the docent (1875) and extraordinary (1880) and ordinary (1885) professor Jaroslav Goll - was at a very decent level already in Prague. Even though Konstantin Höfler was not the most significant investigator of Czech history, his knowledge of European and world history and, thus, also his lectures - although he is said not to be a gorgeous speaker - were very good or at least Goll believed so. However, in terms of factual information Goll appreciated Tomek's lectures more. In this respect, Göttingen period emphasized Goll's interest in constitutional history.

Goll's own lectures at the Prague University, as far as they can be evaluated on the basis of the documents kept in the Masaryk Institute - Archive of the Academy of Science - and some other resources (Josef Vítězslav Šimák, Josef Šusta), does not prove what is traditionally pointed out, i.e. that Jaroslav Goll linked Czech history to world history. Goll's lectures interpret English history, history of the Roman Empire, medieval history until the 16th century, and in exceptional cases other topics. He for example spoke - more or less on the basis of his article History and Historiography - also about the methodology of historical science, which appeared also in his interpretations in the seminar. Thus, his university lectures do not differ, in any aspect significant for research methodology or concept of history, from Konstantin Höfler's lectures. It is the language that is different; German lectures were replaced by lectures presented in the Czech language - and perhaps Goll's lectures show a level of conservatism lower than those of his teachers and colleagues. Also his focus on literature is slightly stronger, yet he presents mostly summaries and lists of works on the topic without any comprehensive evaluation thereof. On the other hand, compared with W. W. Tomek, Jaroslav Goll seems to be a dilettante in the area of cultural history if he arrives at the topic in his lectures at all, which is rather surprising in a man who is keen on contemporary theatre, literature, art, music and travelling. However, particularly impressive - although maybe only for a part of the audience - was the external effect, the theatre-like presentation of Jaroslav Goll's lectures, which transformed a mere explanation of facts into a kind of initiation into a secret science - history. The tradition of Czech thinking claims that Goll is the first significant researcher to integrate Czech history into European context. Nevertheless, it seems that also here inspiration should be looked for in W. W. Tomek, in his textbooks of Austrian History, where Czech history was indeed linked to the history of Europe, and in particular to Central European history, interpreted as an organic component of the Central European area, which was substantially facilitated by his synchronous approach to the interpretation of the Danube Monarchy development. Tomek's textbooks were a source of inspiration also for the second generation of Goll's "School" and partly for their followers, as Tomek's textbook was replaced by Josef Pekař's History of Our Land published immediately before World War I.

Goll's seminar of History represents another subject discussed in this book. However, it is not only the fact that the History seminar at the Faculty of Philosophy of the Czech Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague was not very important in the 1880s in terms of the numbers of its attendants and their results and did not reach its peak until the early 1890s, when it was led by three directors (Jaroslav Goll, Josef Emler, Antonín Rezek), it is mainly the question of whether the introduction of a seminar of History at the Czech University after the split of the former utraquist university indeed brought a significant change in the existing situation. We basically believe that Jaroslav Goll did not attend any seminar of History at the Prague University, that his knowledge of the seminar was based on his Göttingen studies, which the researchers have interpreted as if no History seminar was available in Prague before 1882. However, Jaroslav Goll did not show much interest in a research career during his studies, feeling rather like a poet; moreover no qualification work was required, only several examinations had to be passed in order to be awarded the degree of a doctor. Thus, the development of History seminars must be apprehended also in the sphere of transformations of the level of education in the statutory framework thereof; nevertheless we should above all admit that even if the seminar was not taught at the Prague University during Goll's studies, this is absolutely not true about the period starting from the early 1870s: next to Hirschfeld's courses there were in particular the continuously developed seminar held by professor Höfler (and partly by Antonín Gindely) even though it was not free from political motives. Exercises with sources, although unpaid, held by Jaroslav Goll, Josef Emler and exceptionally by Antonín Rezek appeared already in the 1870s. Nevertheless, we still have to admit that Jaroslav Goll attended in Prague a course similar to a History seminar; also in the 1860s the pedagogues of the Prague University (W. W. Tomek and K. A. Höfler) made attempts for research propaedeutics even though not every year, and also Jaroslav Goll participated in some of their lectures that were similar to seminars (this concerns in particular the Analysis of Important Parts of World History, which professor Höfler supplemented with practical work with sources).

Jaroslav Goll got in touch with the Commission for Newer Austrian History (Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs), organised investigations in archives in Bohemia, as a university professor he was involved in administration bodies of the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom etc. However, it should be noted that he held those positions with a delay, at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century, the Prague society being well aware that Goll had an influential patron, Antonín Rezek, minister and Goll's former university colleague, whom he largely consulted about the development of the branch.

The Manuscripts fight, i.e. the dispute concerning genuineness of the old-Bohemian literary works that occurred in the mid 1880s is perhaps the only thing to clarify the sharp cut between Jaroslav Goll and his followers and previous generation of W. W. Tomek. Goll's participation in the Manuscripts conflict represents one of his most distinct and courageous research initiatives and illustrates his critical acumen and ability to fight with an open visor, yet it reveals Goll's conceit. Jaroslav Goll - feeling offended by Josef Kalousek replying to his book study only through a newspaper article or by W. W. Tomek's review in the Journal of the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom (even though one can read much more savage reviews from his colleagues today) - communicated only with those who either supported him or at least did not oppose him radically. For long years he closed himself in the world of the University and "his students" and e.g. in 1891 he did not accept his appointment as an extraordinary member of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts; despite justifying his refusal by organizational non-readiness of the newly established Academy it is apparent that Jaroslav Goll's feelings were hurt by his appointment as an extraordinary member while his opponents (Josef Kalousek, W. W. Tomek and others) were appointed, by the Kaiser, as ordinary members already when the institution was being formed. Thus, Goll deliberately refused to engage himself in research activities that were supposed to be a compromise between the two parties to the Manuscripts dispute (apart from other things he e.g. refused to participate in working on Otto's Encyclopedia).

However, Jaroslav Goll's creative efforts were hindered by various things. Already as a young man he complained about frequent, in particular mental fatigue in letters to his father. The mother's family's disposition probably left its traces in him; the death of his son Marcel (1886-1891) - from which he recovered mainly by taking refuge in poetry correspondence with Jaroslav Vrchlický - was another blow. Besides he suffered from an eye disease, which required several operations and which was depriving him of strength to work with sources. His history-related works include Die französische Heirath (1876), his "habilitation" thesis demonstrating Goll's insight into the 17th century European politics, to mention a crucial one. In the 1880s, in the prime period of his research work, he published - in addition to the book A Historical Analysis of the Králův Dvůr Manuscript Poems: Oldřich, Beneš Heřmanův, and Jaroslav (1886) - several notable studies concerning the 15th century Unity of the Brethren, which came out in a book called Chelčický and the Unity of the Brethren in the XVth Century in 1916. The year 1897 witnessed the publication of Bohemia and Prussia in Middle Ages, Goll's most cited work by the following generation, which links Bohemian, Polish and Prussian history in a single context and in this regard ranks among the most significant works of the late 19th century Czech historiography. In the following year Goll was - within preparations for the celebration of the 100th anniversary of František Palacký's birth - concerned with the historian's personality and works in several studies. On the occasion of his installation in the position of Rector he elaborated the history of the University in 1882, i.e. the issue of division of the Prague University. The work he had been preparing for all his life - A War for the Lands of the Bohemian Crown I - was at last published in 1915 and followed only by smaller studies and collected papers including translations of articles concerning Czech historical production from the French Revue historique.

The late 19th and early 20th century historical science was based on the endeavour to keep pace with the historiography of Western Europe. However, it did not omit the development of historical science to the east of our country either. Paying attention to the history of the Hungarian Kingdom, Balkan or Russia was considered commonplace. The historiography of the 19th century and later also the historiography of the 20th century until the last years of the First Czechoslovak Republic witnessed a penetration of two directions, two lines of historical research, reprehended by František Palacký and Wácslaw Wladiwoj Tomek - on the one hand Palacký's daring spiritual concepts with interest in Slavism, on the other hand W. W. Tomek's dispassionateness of Ranke's type - when Czech historiography received non-reflected nationalist elements or unclear terms such as "spirit of the period". The Goll-time Czech historiography is filled with a conflict of both the tendencies; thanks to Goll and Rezek the direction based on views that were actually against Palacký - even though he probably often did not realize it - prevailed in Czech historiography. Jaroslav Goll's positivistic positions thus de facto followed the traces of W. W. Tomek. Nevertheless, it is Jaroslav Goll who is seen - by Josef Pekař, already in the 90s - as the teacher to be followed, Pekař adopting the terminology of Goll, who privately talked about his school. Therefore, the problem is a definition of the so-called Goll's School. Many historians of the after-Goll generation did not share Goll's opinions or rather disagreed with Goll in human terms (e.g. J. V. Šimák or, to a lesser extent, Jaroslav Bidlo supported Antonín Rezek more); the cultural history group - at the University represented by Čeněk Zíbrt - sought patronage rather from Josef Kalousek. However, Goll was the authority to discuss those in principle Tomek-type postulates in the History seminar and forward the same as a message of science. Yet, also the fact that Jaroslav Goll liked to talk about "his followers" plays an indisputable role in the Goll's School phenomenon, which fact could be hardly opposed to as in the institutional sense of the word they indeed were his students, followers and often also participants in his seminar - but by far not only (of) his. However, this book also attempts to point out that supporting Jaroslav Goll was, above all, a strategy to attain a university position; a majority of the most significant texts celebrating Goll's spirit and "School" appears around his sixtieth birthday, which was - however - also the time when young historians had the opportunity to become professors at the only Czech university. This was not possible without support from conceited Jaroslav Goll. Proclaiming Goll's importance was in particular a way to increase one's "social capital", not to promote his methodology. Besides, the phenomenon of the so-called "Goll's School" can be defined only negatively as an alliance against the romantic illusions of František Palacký and Tomáš G. Masaryk, which - even though philosophically inspiring - cannot be credibly documented in historical terms. Not even this definition is true absolutely, though; and some historians did not clearly incline to Goll's and Pekař's positions even during the dispute concerning the sense of Czech history. Thus, it seems that if wishing to achieve a deep understanding of its development, the future Czech historiography will have to free itself from the misleading term "Goll's School".

It should be also noted that Jaroslav Goll was reluctant to participate in significant historical national and research polemics in the early 20th century; in those he was usually represented by Josef Pekař. Goll started to move his polemic pen towards politics and political science at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902 he addressed researchers of the entire Danube Monarchy with his polemic paper Der Hass der Völker und die österreichische Universitäten, which - as far as can be judged from the letters sent to Jaroslav Goll - met with some response and had its place not only in the then fight for another Czech university (in Brno). His status as a court counsellor and teacher of Archduke Karl, successor to the throne and from 1909 a member of the House of Lords in the Vienna Parliament, corresponded to the conservative views he defended. Also in this he was a follower of W. W. Tomek, though.

After the termination of publication of Rezek's Historical Journal (1883-1886) Jaroslav Goll also lacked a platform where he and his followers could publish, as he kept away from the Journal of the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom.

Thus, the birth of the Czech Historical Journal (in 1895) is another factor uniting but also dividing Czech historical science. While before the existence of the Journal Jaroslav Goll would offer the results of his seminar for publication in Moravia, in the Moravian Foundation, Antonín Rezek and historians who were well-disposed towards him (Jaroslav Bidlo, Josef Vítězslav Šimák) as well as Zdeněk Nejedlý, Kamil Krofta or Václav Zdeněk Tobolka regularly appeared also on the pages of the Journal of the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom. We should really admit that a uniform Goll's School is a fiction that actually never existed. Instead there was indisputable mingling of influences of several authorities - Jaroslav Goll, Josef Kalousek and Antonín Rezek - each of whom largely affected some historians of the following generation; moreover also Josef Emler played an important role. However, many intellectual and methodological influences came from Tomek's time.

The aforesaid implies that the "School" established by Jaroslav Goll and Antonín Rezek can be understood as a new stage of historiography probably only in connection with the institutional background of historical science, with the shift of the focal point from the Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom to the Czech University, i.e. with the split of the University in 1882, with publication and personnel possibilities, opportunities to study abroad, etc. It is indeed a change occurring in this generation but the change should not be overestimated. The differences were quantitative rather than qualitative. And last but not least, there were also shifts in influence of certain groups of historians when the young generation starts to "win" in research environment in the early 20th century however still needs Jaroslav Goll to confirm their positions; and J. Goll needs them to maintain his influence at the University and partly also to assert himself outside it. /Translated by M. Fialová/

D. Blümlová - Z. Gilarová a kol.: Čas secese. Kapitoly z kulturních dějin přelomu 19. a 20. století.

HISTORIA CULTURAE XIII, Studia 8

Předkládané kapitoly jsou svého druhu procházkou secesí, avšak procházkou kulturně historickou, při níž nás nezajímají pouze proporce a tvary jejích podob, ale konkrétní dějinné výseče s tvůrci i recipienty, s dobovými antagonismy, zvyklostmi a atributy. Koncepce uspořádání textu se tuto procházku snaží simulovat.

OBSAH

Svůdný čas secese 5
"Dionýsův templ" a secesní nálady v Pardubicích po roce 1900 (Pavel Panoch) 18
"Aby vkus umělecký se budil i pěstoval a tím šířil se zájem pro věci krásné…", počátky českého uměleckého výstavnictví a prezentace sochařských objektů na příkladu Galerie plastik v Hořicích v Podkrkonoší (Jana Cermanová) 42
Čas secese ve světle nově objevených časopisů studentů pražské AVU z přelomu 19. a 20. století (Tomáš Sekyrka) 59
Historik mezi umělci (Přátelství Josefa Šusty s Benešem Knüpferem a Janem Kotěrou) (Josef Blüml) 75
Motýli všech barev. České dekorativní a luxusní sklo na přelomu 19. a 20. století (1889 - 1915) (Petr Nový) 91
Návrhy paličkovaných čipiek Vojtecha Angyala (Juraj Zajonc) 118
Odlesk secesného cítenia v krajinomaľbe vidieckych samoukov (Oľga Danglová) 155
"Kniha jako umělecké dílo" (Robert Sak) 179
Vojtěch Preissig - umělec a manažer (Bedřich Kocman) 199
Artuš Scheiner a Václav Tille (Ilustrátor, vypravěč a pohádka doby secese) (Dagmar Blümlová) 206
Mezi imortelami a relikviemi (K charakteru české básnické secese) (Viktor Viktora) 223
Secesní dekorativnost jako součinitel poetiky Čechových Písní otroka (Dalibor Tureček) 229
Modifikace secese v básnické tvorbě Otokara Březiny (Martina Halamová) 237
Reflexe secesní erotiky v rané tvorbě a sebeprezentaci Jarmila Krecara z Růžokvětu (Petr Kubát) 246
Česká divadelní scénografie počátku století (Jitka Rauchová) 271
Nevšední portrét Hany Kvapilové (1860-1907) (Monika Poláková) 281
Přelom století: ženy, jejich lékařky, deníky a vlastní těla (Milena Lenderová) 309
"Živý obraz" Návštěva císaře Františka Josefa I. v Jablonci nad Nisou 24. června 1906 (Jana Nová) 322
Lze v Čechách hovořit o secesní gastronomii? (Martin Franc) 347
Návrat secese v čase obrody. Výstava Česká secese - umění 1900. Hluboká nad Vltavou - Brno 1966/7 (Zuzana Gilarová) 356
Lotyšská secese (secese a lotyšská společnost) (Ivan Malý) 368
The Time of the Art Noveau 378
Ediční poznámka 384
Seznam autorů

The Time of the Art Noveau

This collection of essays wants to complement the known facts about the Czech Art Noveau both with its illustrations in the lesser-known details and objects and with the search for Art Noveau in areas and domains not primarily typical for the study of this period. The symposium called The Time of Art Nouveau, which took place in May 2006, gave the basis for a part of the essays in this volume.

The Pavel PANOCH´s essay called "Dionýsův templ" a secesní nálady v Pardubicích po roce 1900 ("The Temple of Dionysius" and Art Noveau Mood in Pardubice after the Year 1900) traces the uneasy way to the establishment of the theatre building in Pardubice in 1909. Author's detailed approach to the "physical" appearance and the reflexion of the building opens the first part dedicated to architecture and sculpture. The following study by Zbyněk ČERNÝ comprises an entire town by analogy - it watches the Čas secese v městě Chebu (The Time of Art Noveau in the City of Cheb). Among other facts, the study reminds of the fact that the international universalism of Art Noveau was replaced by an inclination to the "national spirit of Cheb". Turning down the derived influences entailed a certain inner paradox; it was the very Art Noveau what discovered the traditional ornaments. In spite of that, the local "artists" kept sticking to a strict realism, rather than to the Art Noveau stylisation. The article by Jana CERMANOVÁ "Aby vkus umělecký se budil i pěstoval a tím šířil se zájem pro věci krásné… ." Počátky českého uměleckého výstavnictví a prezentace sochařských objektů na příkladu Galerie plastik v Hořicích v Podkrkonoší ("In Order to Raise and Cultivate the Artistic Taste and to Further the Interest in Things Beautiful …" The Origins of the Czech Artistic Exhibitions and Presentations of Sculptural Objects as Exemplified by the Gallery of Sculptures in Hořice v Podkrkonoší) represents the circumstances of the establishment of the Gallery of Sculptures in Hořice, utterly unique institution in the Czech lands of the first decade of the 20th century. Its uniqueness was in the fact that the institution allowed the public to visit their sculpture collections arranged in a modern way. The local conditions are also very important for the author; she emphasizes the local quarrying and the processing of sandstone in the region of Hořicko, which gave a start to another thing which was second to none in the whole Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the stonemasonry and sculpture school.

The two following texts let us have a look into the "backstage" of the Art Noveau painting. The contribution of Tomáš SEKYRKA Čas secese ve světle nově objevených časopisů studentů pražské AVU z přelomu 19. a 20. století (The Time of Art Noveau in the Light of Newly Discovered Journals of the Students of the Academy of Fine Arts (AVU) in Prague at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries) represents an unknown collection of journals Paleta (Pallette) and Špachtle (Spatula), originating in Munich and Prague between 1885 and 1905. Although the journals were "published" in a single copy, they are documents of a primary value for the understanding of the shaping of the form of the modern Czech fine-art life. In the essay called Historik mezi umělci (Přátelství Josefa Šusty s Benešem Knüpferem a Janem Kotěrou) - A Historian among Artists (The Friendship of Josef Šusta with Beneš Knüpfer and Jan Kotěra), Josef BLÜML talks about the relationship of historian Josef Šusta to Beneš Knüpfer, painter of the sea, and architect Jan Kotěra. He describes mainly their meeting and life in Rome, affected by projection of Knüpfer´s and Kotěra´s artistic activities in the context of the art of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The historian and the two artists both represented the advanced Czech intelligence and culture on the European stage, and they were bringing home new impulses of the European art.

The second part is represented by three articles about the applied art of Art Noveau. Petr NOVÝ in the contribution called Motýli všech barev. České dekorativní a luxusní sklo na přelomu 19. a 20. století (1889-1915) - (Butterflies of All Colours. The Czech Decorative and Luxury Glass at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries) gives an answer to the question concerning the taste of the customers in the given period, their perception of the terms "modern" and "luxurious". He also traces the success of the Czech glass on the world and local markets. When necessary in terms of sales, the glass patterned in the Art Noveau style then became an integral but not dominating part of the offer of a crushing majority of those Czech glass works and refineries which presented themselves at the contemporary exhibitions and fair trades. The same road was taken by the Czech glassmaking schools, professional designers and artists. Juraj ZAJONC in his study called Návrhy paličkovaných krajek Vojtecha Angyala (Designs of the Braided Lace of Vojtech Angyal) studies the Slovakian braided lace and thus opposes the views claiming that there were no conditions for the development of Art Noveau. On the basis of an analysis and comparison of the designs of braided laces by Vojtech Angyal, Zajonc proves that the specific braided lace originating from the territory of Slovakia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries belongs unambiguously to the European Art Noveau textile production. The study of Vojtech Angyal´s designs shows that the braided lace can't be seen only as a phenomenon of the traditional popular culture but its development and manifestations must be understood in the broadest context. The second Slovakian contribution, an article by Olga DANGLOVÁ called Odlesk secesního cítění v krajinomalbě venkovských samouků (The Reflection of Art Noveau Feelings in the Landscape Painting of the Rural Autodidacts), examines the decoration of the entrance parts of houses in Záhorí, a region in Western Slovakia. The landscape paintings of the 1960s and 1970s represented a cultural clash of two forms of aesthetics: concurring the local tradition of decoration of the outer and inner walls of the house with ornamental painting and an adaptation of the aesthetic standards corresponding primarily with a distant experience in the Art Noveau style picturesque landscape painting of the 19th century. The author points out how the big landscape-painting tradition of the 19th century, during the democratisation of the society, melted into various forms of popular production, which was entered by amateurs as well.

Another significant phenomenon of Art Noveau was represented by a new artistic form of the book graphic art, studied in the following contributions. "Kniha jako umělecké dílo" ("The Book as an Artefact") is called the article written by Robert SAK. The author used a F. X. Šalda's quotation from 1905, by which the critic introduced his article for the Typografie journal. The journal was taken over by Karel Dyrynk (1876-1949), a typesetter by trade, an interpreter from several languages, the author of several professional publications, and predominantly one of the promoters of the modern Czech book printing. The Šalda´s article, bespoken by Dyrynk, became an impulse to the beginning of the beautiful book movement - i.e. a book would be an artefact also by its appearance. This article is followed by Bedřich KOCMAN´s text Vojtěch Preissig - umělec a manažer (Vojtěch Preissig - an Artist and a Manager), noticing another significant personality connected to the origin of the graphic art. In 1905, V. Preissig (1873-1944) opened his graphic studio in Praha-Vinohrady. Its production went far over the contemporary Czech graphic standard. The author mentions Preissig´s credit for the presentation of the Czech book abroad and his social engagement and courage during the Second World War. In the essay Artuš Scheiner a Václav Tille (ilustrátor, vypravěč a pohádka doby secese) - Artuš Scheiner and Václav Tille (Illustrator, Narrator and the Fairy Tale of Art Noveau), Dagmar BLÜMLOVÁ reminds the life and work of nearly forgotten Art Noveau painter A. Scheiner (1863-1938), who gained attention predominantly by his illustration work in the early 20th century. The first book he illustrated was written by Václav Říha, which was a pseudonym of Professor Václav Tille (1867-1937). The author ponders over their further cooperation - together they published twenty books of fairy tales- and looks for the inner alliance in their perception of the world. At the same time she confronts both of them with other Czech illustrators of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The preceding article created a passage to texts dealing with literature. In the article called Mezi imortelami a relikviemi (k charakteru české básnické secese) - Between Immortals and Relics (On the Characteristics of the Czech Art Noveau Poetry), Viktor VIKTORA ponders over the fifteen-year interim of the literary Art Noveau between 1890 and 1905, when the influence of the preceding poetic groups was failing and the representatives of many new artistic tendencies were taking up. The author does not find the literary Art Noveau as distinctive as that of the fine arts, he sees it functioning as a "sort of common factor", as an analogy to the Biedermeier, which gathered impulses of several parallel tendencies. The Dalibor TUREČEK's contribution focuses on one concrete example of the Czech literary Art Noveau: Secesní dekorativnost jako součinitel poetiky Čechových Písní otroka (The Art Noveau Style Decorativeness as a Coefficient of the Poetics of Čech's Slave's Songs). By an analysis of the poetry collection he draws conclusion that although the motives of the fine-art Art Noveau in this Čech´s collection do not represent a structural dominant feature they are distinctive and in some parts they form the main means of poetisation. It is evident that Svatopluk Čech used these motives knowingly with a respect to the taste of the audience. Martina HALAMOVÁ in her contribution Modifikace secese v básnické tvorbě Otokara Březiny (Modification of Art Noveau in the Poetry of Otokar Březina) ponders about Březina´s poems, in which she sees a tendency to the Art Noveau aesthetics. She demonstrates that this tendency is not expressed solely by a transformation of the typical motives of Art Noveau in the fine arts but that it is more the expression of the contemporary latent discourse, co-created by a co-existence of mutually close artistic tendencies: Art Noveau and symbolism, impressionism and vitalism, and also decadence - of which Březina is usually classified as a member. The author argues that Březina´s symbolic verses sound more Art Noveau like than decadence like.

Petr KUBÁT in his study Reflexe secesní erotiky v rané tvorbě a sebeprezentaci Jarmila Krecara z Růžokvětu (A Reflection of Art Noveau Eroticism in the Early Work and Self-Presentation of Jarmil Krecar of Růžokvět) deals with the personality of the late decadence poet Jarmil Krecar of Růžokvět. He reflects the erotic motives in Krecar´s early work, his attitude toward life, expression, stylization in photos and pictures with a respect to Art Noveau. The focus point is represented by understanding the connection between pornography and aesthetics as a vanishing point in the fine arts sphere from the late 19th century to the first decades of the 20th century.

The following texts represent an intersection of the Art Noveau feelings and opinions to other, less explored domains. Jitka RAUCHOVÁ in a study called Česká divadelní scénografie počátku století (The Czech Theater Stage Design of the Beginning of the Century) mentions the key importance of the first fifteen years of the new century that radically influenced the development of the art of stage design. She describes the period of searching, when the directors tried to find the way to the expressive possibilities of the theatre space and to a new way how to interpret the dramatic text. Although the results were none too surprising, the theatre space was explored so profoundly that the base of the tradition of the modern Czech stage design was established. Monika POLÁKOVÁ´s study Nevšední portrét secesní dámy. Vliv hereckého umění Hany Kvapilové (1860-1907) na výtvarný projev (An Unusual Portrait of an Art Noveau Lady. The influence of the Acting Skills of Hana Kvapilová (1860-1907) on the Fine-Art Expression) focuses on the theatre as well. It presents a significant Czech actress from several points of view: as a woman in privacy and in the society, as a hardworking artist, devoted to the theatre, and as a woman of letters. Through all her manifestations and details of the Kvapilová´s everyday life the author looks into the Art Noveau atmosphere in Prague at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. From an Art Noveau lady we get on to a woman of Art Noveau. Milena LENDEROVÁ in her study Přelom století: ženy, jejich lékařky, deníky a vlastní těla (The Turn of the Century: Women, Their Woman-Doctors, Diaries and Their Own Bodies) clarifies the role of Art Noveau in the transformation of its social reflection. Exactly at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the body, the history of which is just the core of the history of the material culture, ceased to be denied and deformed in the name of morality, ceased to be a singular determination, defining the nature of a woman. This disproved definitively the centuries-lasting medical, philosophic and juridical construct of a woman as a weak, unreasonable, irresponsible and constantly ill being, a stereotype of the "social" body of a woman.

By an analysis of a particular instance, Jana NOVÁ in her article Návštěva císaře Františka Josefa I. v Jablonci nad Nisou 24. června 1906 (The Visit of Franz Joseph I to Jablonec nad Nisou on 24th June 1906) illustrates the effort of the emperor to solve the nationality controversy in the Czech lands. Franz Joseph I strove for balancing the affection to both nations, which was, apart from other things, reflected in the programme of the formal visits. His visit to Jablonec nad Nisou, a town where the German nationality prevailed, can be seen as an interesting and of that time typical conglomerate of polarities, a compound of modern and traditional elements. The visual form of the welcoming ceremony is a very interesting evidence of Art Noveau.

Martin FRANCE´s contribution answers the question posed by the author in its very name: Lze v Čechách hovořit o secesní gastronomii? (Is it Possible to Talk about the Art Noveau Gastronomy in Bohemia?) As a starting point of the sought answer, the understanding of Art Noveau given by Petr Wittlich is used. According to the Art Noveau forming tendencies set by Wittlich, the author finds connections in the gastronomy of the period. At the end of his effort, he is defining the gastronomic Art Noveau with many features similar to the ideas of the so called "Moderna", in particular in the endeavour to overcome the Czech provinciality and inward-looking. In case of gastronomy, the conflict with eclecticism, accentuated in Art Noveau by Wittlich, can be put into context with the trend of getting rid of the anachronism of the old and overcomplicated haute cuisine of the aristocratic type, which began in the periods of the Empire style and romanticism.

The article by Zuzana GILAROVÁ called Návrat secese v čase obrody. Výstava česká secese - umění 1900. Hluboká nad Vltavou - Brno 1966/67 (The Return of Art Noveau at the Time of Resurgence. Czech Art Noveau Exhibition - Art 1900. Hluboká nad Vltavou - Brno 1966/67) summarises the perception of Art Noveau during the 20th century. While at the time of its birth and zenith Art Noveau was welcomed enthusiastically and appreciated, a few years later it became a synonym of being kitschy and petit-bourgeois. As late as after the World War II, when a more systematic research into and unbiased evaluation of Art Noveau as an organic part of the genesis of the modern art was carried out. In the more liberal atmosphere of Czechoslovakia in the 1960s, when also the generation of new young historians of art was growing, there appear more distinctive outlines of the new view and evaluation of Art Noveau. For the final change of prism, through which Art Noveau was viewed not only by professionals but also by the public, the exhibition Česká secese - umění 1900 (Czech Art Noveau - Art 1900) was fundamentally significant. Apart from other things, the presented paper tries to answer the question why it was so. Nevertheless, there is no doubt about the fact that the exhibition became a catalyst of the awakening interest in Art Noveau in Czechoslovakia.

The collection is concluded by a synoptic study Lotyšská secese (secese a lotyšská společnost) - The Latvian Art Noveau (Art Noveau and the Latvian Society) by Ivan MALÝ. By its reference to the analogy of the development and particular manifestations of the art of the fin de siecle in a comparable "small" nation of similar history - Latvia, it enables a confrontation with the preceding contributions. The author deduces the very heritage of the Latvian Art Noveau from the historically justified "double society" in Riga and on the territory of the future Latvian republic. Although Art Noveau is understood as an undivided art or tendency, the Latvian Art Noveau needs to be divided into the Riga's (urban) architecture and then into other artistic or craft manifestations. Art Noveau in Riga (Riga is considered as an Art Noveau pearl of the Northern Europe) was a monumental manifestation of the rich German aristocracy and did not have anything in common with the Latvian process of national emancipation. The manifestations of artists of the Latvian nationality, who were creating and co-creating the modern Latvian tradition of the fine arts at the time of Art Noveau, form its second line.

D. Blümlová - J. Rauchová a kol.: Čas rychlých kol a křídel, aneb Mezi Laurinem a Kašparem. Kapitoly z kulturních dějin přelomu 19. a 20. století.

HISTORIA CULTURAE XIV, Studia 9

Předkládané kapitoly z kulturních dějin se tentokrát věnují fenoménu pro fin siècle zásadnímu: rychlosti a proměnám, které s ní - nebo alespoň s touhou po ní - souvisejí, ať již jde o technické inovace nebo o nový životní styl. Kniha představuje inovační procesy v železniční, silniční i letecké dopravě z hlediska jejich organizace i reflexe, všímá si rovněž některých detailů každodennosti, do níž nový životní rytmus postupně vcházel. Pendant k historickému úvodu přibližujícímu genezi podléhání uzurpující roli času tvoří závěrečné filozofické varování. Publikace je doplněna řadou unikátních fotografií a její samostatnou přílohu tvoří faksimile pohádky O vzteklém autu Jaromíra Hořejše.

OBSAH

Čas rychlých kol a křídel 5
Fenomén času ve zrychlené době (Milan Hlavačka) 7
Otázka dopravy v pamětech Emanuela Salomona z Friedbergu - Mírohorského(Tomáš Jiránek) 20
Lipenka - jedna z podob železnice na přelomu století. (Jan Ivanov) 34
Diskurz o železnici v české literatuře 19. století. (Martin Hrdina) 48
Železnice v obraze medailí, drobné plastiky a erbů 19. století (Tomáš Krejčík) 66
Praha - Paříž zpáteční. Čeští vzduchoplavci, aviatici, velocipedisté a závodníci v "hlavním městě Evropy" (Břetislav Ditrych) 75
Zázemí prvních českých aviatiků (Jan Hozák) 120
Výrobna automobilů jako výrobna rychlosti. Firma Laurin & Klement v Mladé Boleslavi (Ivan Jakubec) 148
Antonín Podlaha a automobil. (Marie Ryantová) 182
Proměny cestování na moravských a slezských silnicích v "dlouhém 19. století".(Petr Popelka) 204
Automobilový dort, aneb Nová doba v kuchyni? (Martin Franc) 212
Fenomén rychlosti v prvních třiceti letech filmu. (Vít Poláček) 218
Kterak technický pokrok vtrhl do poklidného města Sobotky. (Karol Bílek) 226
"Civilisace dělá z lidí rozbiječe ráje." Vztah Anny Pammrové k technickým novinkám.(Klára Dvořáková) 240
Intelektuálovo okouzlení rychlostí. Václav Tille a moderní vynálezy. (Dagmar Blümlová) 247
Obraz moderního světa v díle Julesa Verna. (Josef Blüml) 253
"Vzorky musíte odeslat okamžitě". Život obchodního cestujícího s jabloneckým zbožím po Severní Americe a jeho komunikace s mateřskou firmou v polovině dvacátých let 20. století - Henry G. Schlevogt a A. Sachse & co. (Petr Nový) 278
Architektonická soutěž jako fenomén stavitelství počátku 20. století na příkladech projektů Galerie plastik v Hořicích v Podkrkonoší. (Jana Cermanová) 284
Jak se rodil "český Nauheim". První léta poděbradských lázní. (Marek Ďurčanský) 303
Josef Stocký a technické možnosti vodního hospodářství na přelomu 19. a 20. století. (Jiří Dvořák) 317
Historický původ tachogenního světa. (Vlasta Christovová) 338
The Age of Wings and fast Wheels, or between Laurin and Kašpar 343
Ediční poznámka 349
Seznam autorů

The Age of Wings and fast Wheels, or between Laurin and Kašpar

Chapters in this volume concerning the cultural history around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries concentrate on the attractive phenomenon of speed. Their authors observe not only technical inventions but also their picture in arts and the effects on everyday life. Speed was not the main feature of railroads and roads, speed also entered human thinking, jobs and lifestyle. On the one hand the life became easier, but on the other hand, speed deprived people of the possibility to live full and sound. This discrepancy is not a newly observed fact; the discrepancy has been more or less carefully watched in a philosophical way since Jules Verne's time.

Milan HLAVAČKA tries to define the main reasons for the shaping of the unified time measuring in his chapter called Fenomén času ve zrychlené době (The Phenomenon of Time in the Accelerated Age). Changes in measuring time modified the previously invariable perception of the time flow which had been based on the natural horizon. What more, the image of the modern society was altered, the society became organized, controlled and limited by time. The standardization of time was connected with the expansion of modern means of transport - especially railroads needed strict time management. The telegraph time signal enabled the setting of the correct time worldwide; it helped to establish unified transatlantic time as international convention. 24 time zones were created and the international time standard (Greenwich Mean Time) was established during the conference in Washington D.C. in 1884.

Tomáš JIRÁNEK - Otázka dopravy v pamětech Emanuela Salomona z Friedbergu-Mírohorského (The Question of Transport in the Memoirs of Emanuel Salomon from Friedberg-Mírohorský) used the voluminous memoirs of Emanuel Salomon from Friedberg-Mírohorský (1829-1908) as the starting point in the reconstruction of the key moments connected with the changes of time perception in individual's memory. Charming quotations from the memoirs of a nobleman and a soldier co-create the picture of joys and troubles in civil and military transportation and their effect on the real experience of a perceptive person in the 19th century. A fine connection became essential at the end of the nineteenth century for both public and for the industrial development in the peripheral regions of the Czech lands. The improvement of the transport system was based on government contracts and private investors or companies established for this reason; these are the main ideas in Lipenka - jedna z podob železnice na přelomu století (Lipenka - An Image of a Railroad at the Turn of the Century) by Jan IVANOV. Long-standing disputes over technical aspects of the Lipenka railroad were settled by Arnošt Porák - a Loučovice cellulose factory owner. And finally, the new railroad was opened in 1911. Martin HRDINA was inspired by some interpretative methods used by important Czech literary scholars (e.g. V. Macura, D. Hodrová) and he also used his own methods in Diskurz o železnici v české literatuře 19. století (Railroads in the Czech Literature during the 19thCentury) to clear the picture of a railroad and its role. The author shows the connection between a railroad and literature since the forties of the 19th century. Several examples serve as a proof of the fact that railroads were not common in literature because of their non-poetics. He reminds an argument between I. Geisslová and J. Lier who included the picture of railroads into her or his works. J. Neruda was the first person to create a relation between the narrator and the railroad itself. The motive of railroad was a source of inspiration for both fine and commercial art in the 19th century. Tomáš KREJČÍK talks about railroads in his Železnice v obraze medailí, plastiky a erbů 19. století (Railroads in Medals, Sculptures and Coats of Arms in the 19th Century). The first part of the chapter contributes to the development of medal manufacturing in the 19th century, mints and numismatic collections concerning the railway iconography. In the second part, the author mentions railroad motives in coats of arms which were granted during the 19th century.

The next chapter Praha - Paříž zpáteční (Čeští vzduchoplavci, aviatici, velocipedisté a závodníci v "hlavním městě Evropy"); Return Ticket Prague - Paris (Czech Aeronauts, Aviators, Cyclists and Competitors in the "European Capital") was written by Břetislav DITRYCH, a writer of non-fiction based on the period of the turn of the 19th and the 20thcenturies. The names of Czech competitors commonly known in Europe and their wonderful machines emerge in his colorful description of victories and losses. Quotations from foreign newspapers and private accounts from the period 1895-1905 perfectly illustrate the cultural context of the chapter. Jan HOZÁK in his Zázemí prvních českých aviatiků (The First Czech Aeronauts' Background) draws readers' attention to the fact that speed was not so essential for the first aeronauts; the effort to go up and to stay in the air was far more important. He refutes another romantic illusion about the life of the Czech aeronauts, their careers were dependent on money; and their position was far worse than Germans' position. The problem could have been solved by joining the newly established Austro-Hungarian military air force, but only some were chosen. And so, the most famous aeronauts including Jan Kašpar sacrificed everything and had unsure and adventure lives.

Two sides of speed - dynamics of technical innovations and business strategy evolution are main topics in Ivan JAKUBEC's Výrobna automobilů jako výrobna rychlosti. Firma Laurin a Klement v Mladé Boleslavi (A Car Manufacturer as a Speed Manufacturer. The Laurin and Klement Company in Mladá Boleslav). The author tries to show two above mentioned sides of speed in the example of the Laurin and Klement Co. which was closely connected with the very beginning of the Czech car-making industry. There were several items of the company success: the precise estimation of the modern bicycle market, courage to implement technical innovations for manufacturing motorbikes and cars and last but not least the professional cooperation between Václav Klement and Václav Laurin. In the chapter Antonín Podlaha a automobil (Antonín Podlaha and an Automobile), there can be seen the introducing of the new legal-administrative frame concerning the car traffic which was in effect during the first decade of the 20th century. Extensive knowledge of the sources from Antonín Podlaha's personal collection helps the author of this chapter - Marie RYANTOVÁ - to describe the situation in a thorough way. Antonín Podlaha (1865-1932) decided to obtain an automobile in 1909; it was a four-stroke "voiturette". He received a detailed official permit from the company Laurin&Klement and what more, according to the ministerial act of the 27 September 1905 he was obliged to pass an exam which allowed him to get a driving license provided with his photograph; a synopsis of the ministerial act is included in the appendix. There was also a possibility to procure cheaper, tax-free mineral oil - gas but for this it was necessary to get a permit from the regional financial directory, the permit allowed its owner to collect certain quantity of cheaper gas. Petr POPELKA in his Proměny cestování na moravských a slezských silnicích v "dlouhém 19. století" (Changes of Traveling on Moravian and Silesian Roads during "the Long 19thCentury") talks about the cause of acceleration in passenger and freight transport. The network of fast postal horse-driven coaches traveling in accordance with their timetables was improved in the first half of the 19th century which speeded up the passenger transport. The horse-driven freight transport was also improved (by so-called "malevní pošta"). The importance of postal coaches was diminished by railroads and also the significance of road system was increasing. The usage of new, faster vehicles such as buses and cars was based on new road building technologies, e.g. rolling, on which the author focuses. The reliability of the new means of transport was questionable - according to stenographic accounts of the beginning of the 20th century. Costs connected with establishing new regular bus lines were lower than with train lines and it started the boom of the state subsidized bus transportation at the beginning of the 20th century.

The chapter Automobilový dort, aneb Nová doba v kuchyni? (An Automobile Cake, or The New Age in the Kitchen?) by Martin FRANCE shows that gastronomy had been resisting the changes of the accelerated age for a long time; this idea is supported by thorough analysis of Czech and foreign cookbooks. The fast preparation of meals was not common and haste consumption was considered as unbecoming behavior before the World War I. Female-reformers, inspired by American tradition, started to emphasize the rationalization of boarding. They wanted to simplify and accelerate it, they desired to increase work efficiency in households which would have led to changes in woman's time and life. Vít POLÁČEK talks about the connection between the speed phenomenon and art in Fenomén rychlosti v prvních třiceti letech filmu (The Speed Phenomenon during the First Thirty Years of Motion Pictures). In the beginning, movies enabled the spectator to experience real speed but as the time was advancing, acceleration and speed became basic parts of movie language and it made movies more distinct from theater.

The essay called Kterak technický pokrok vtrhl do poklidného města Sobotky (The Quiet Town of Sobotka and the Sudden Invasion of Technical Advance) contributes with changes caused by the technical innovations in the small town in Eastern Bohemia. The author of this essay, Karol BÍLEK, explains that Sobotka was at the turn of the 19th and 20thcenturies quite well developed from a cultural point of view but it was not true for the economic situation. There were generally two reasons; not enough courage among local businessmen and prevailing small farming. The first thirteen bicycles for the cycling club in 1897 were somehow the starting point of changes and technical progress in the town. Motorbikes and automobiles appeared soon after. The essay is concluded by a remarkable story about a local mechanic-autodidact who drew public attention due to his own flying machine design. In fact, all people were not excited about modern technical inventions, one of the dissatisfied was Anna Pammrová (1860-1945, an author, a theosophist and a vegetarian). Klára DVOŘÁKOVÁ used her words: Civilizace dělá z lidí rozbiječe ráje (Civilization Creates the Destroyers of Paradise) along with Vztah Anny Pammrové k technickým novinkám (The Anna Pammrová's Attitude to Technical Innovations) as a heading and a subheading for her contribution. One of Anna Pammrová's works is called Antieva, it is a kind of "novel written by a child"; Anna goes back to her childhood which was set in clear, unspoiled and undisturbed nature. This is the key moment for understanding of her hostility to the phenomenon of city and all features of civilization. An academic from the beginning of the 20th century is regarded to be more conservative than modern, at least in the connection with innovations coming to the everyday life. Dagmar BLÜMLOVÁ - Intelektuálovo okouzlení rychlostí (Václav Tille a moderní vynálezy); An Intellectual Fascinated by Speed (Václav Tille and Modern Inventions) tries to convince us that the literature historian, the Romance scholar and the folklorist Václav Tille (1867-1937) was an exception. In spite of his older age, he stayed in touch with everything which was new and modern and owing to that, he was able to communicate with his students without any major problems. The chapter comprises three features typical for V. Tille's "harmony" with the accelerated age. The first one was his passion for traveling, by the sea or on the ground, from Texas to Moscow. As the second one there can be mentioned his liking for all the inventions making the ordinary life better, in particular he was literally enchanted by movies (he is considered to be the first Czech movie aesthetician). And for the last one, he sought for the answers about the being and life in A. Einstein's work including the theory of relativity.

Josef BLÜML's chapter called Obraz moderního světa v díle Julesa Verna (The Image of the Modern World in Jules Verne's Works) recaps the life of Jules Verne, a French science-fiction writer, and emphasizes the importance of his books anticipating modern inventions. The author shows how Jules Verne's novels came to the Czech environment (J. Neruda) and how they influenced both human and artistic development of some important Czech writers (F. Hrubín, J. Seifert, J. Skácel). It is also reminded that the Prague publishing houses (J. R. Vilímek) helped J. Verne to become the most influential writer for young people.

This accelerated age also changed ways and procedures in all business branches. Export rates, foreign markets orientation and delivery promptness started to be important features of successful trade. Petr NOVÝ - "Pošlete mi okamžitě vzorky!" Ze života jablonecké obchodního cestujícího s bižutérií v USA v polovině dvacátých let 20. století ("Send Me the Samples Immediately!" From a Life of a Commercial Traveler with Artificial Jewelry from Jablonec in the USA in the Middle of the Twenties of the 20th Century)analyses an example of communication processes between Albert Sachse&Co., a glass and artificial jewelry manufacturer of Jablonec nad Nisou, and their commercial traveler Henry G. Schlevogt. A fragment of their correspondence is to be seen in SOkA Jablonec nad Nisou. At the end of the 19th century, rapidly developing building industry was regarded to be regulated - also from artistic point of view; the regulation was reached by means of architectonic competitions supervised by architectonic committees. Both renowned and not so experienced architects were entering these competitions. Jana CERMANOVÁ outlines a selection procedure for building a gallery in Hořice v Podkrkonoší in her Architektonická soutěž jako fenomén stavitelství počátku 20. století na příkladech projektů Galerie plastic v Hořicích v Podkrkonoší (Architectonic Competition as a Phenomenon in Engineering at the Beginning of the 20th Century as Exemplified by the Projects of Gallery of Sculptures in Hořice v Podkrkonoší). The chapter shows the course of events and individual projects using materials from the local museum. The first "real Czech" Spa in Poděbrady was founded at the beginning of the 20th century by a Prussian dowser. Non-existing tradition was to be replaced by excellent scientific certificates concerning the quality of mineral water, trade routes and entertainment. Marek ĎURČANSKÝ analyzes the foundation of spas, the development of bus and train network and what more bicycling and cars in the chapter called Jak se rodil "český Nauheim". První léta poděbradských lázní (How was the "Czech Nauheim" born. The First years of the Spa of Poděbrady).

Technical innovations of the end of the 19th century affected not only transportation or production; they also changed science and research workplaces. Jiří DVOŘÁK in his Josef Stocký a technické možnosti vodního hospodářství na přelomu 19. a 20. století (Josef Stocký and Technical Possibilities of the Water Management at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries) observes České vysoké učení technické, the oldest technical university in Middle Europe. This university had created ideal conditions for the development of Czech and German science in the Czech lands and had been a starting point for two brothers, Josef and Jan Stocký, who together influenced the inter-war regionalism. The essay is focused on Josef Stocký's career, especially his achievements in hydrotechnics, including initial measuring, environmental thinking and of course the results of his work - his contribution to the stream regulation of the Czech rivers.

A philosopher Vlasta CHRISTOVOVÁ in Historický původ tachogenního světa (The Historical Origin of the "Accelerated" World) thinks about the principles of the accelerated age, its perception and future. A German philosopher O. Marquard is described to us as a person who stated 25 years ago that the rate of the acceleration of changes in the modern age is unbearable for human beings. Experiences are changing so quickly that they cannot be integrated and a human being is driven to the world of dreams and illusions, people are becoming more and more childish. The solving of the mentioned situation is both complicated and elementary; the author lets other philosophical voices (Condorcet, Smith) to enter the discussion and we have to realize that the acceleration, we are forced to cope with, is not necessary, we can simply decide to change our lifestyle.

This book concerning different aspects of the speed phenomenon is concluded by an appendix - facsimile. O vzteklém autu (The Furious Car), the fairy story by Jaromír Hořejš (1st edition of 1933) hides not only the social aspect of the phenomenon but also a moral that all inventions behave as their human users.

B. Jiroušek a kol.: Proměny diskursu české marxistické historiografie (Kapitoly z historiografie 20. století)

HISTORIA CULTURAE XV, Studia 10

Kolektivní monografie v rozsahu 460 stran je věnována problematice marxistické historiografie v českých zemích (Československu), zejména v druhé polovině 20. století. Vedle teoretických kapitol v knize najdeme i texty věnované jednotlivým osobnostem, pojetí historické vědy, institucím, dílčím oborům historické vědy apod. (blíže připojený obsah).

OBSAH

Úvodem

I.

Česká marxistická a marxisticko-leninská historiografie.

Diskurs a možnosti výzkumu jeho proměn (B. Jiroušek)

Koncept totalitarismu - studená válka v teorii? (Ch. Brenner)

II.

Die Geschichtswissenschaften in der Volksrepublik Polen, der DDR und der Tschechoslowakei im Vergleich. Eine Einführung (M. Górny)

La storiografia marxista italiana e la storiografia della DDR (M. Paolino)

Obraz Spolkové republiky Německo a Německé demokratické republiky v Československém časopise historickém padesátých let (V. Kyncl)

Sovětská diskuse o pojmu národ (D. Blümlová)

III.

Mezi Východem a Západem (Ladislav Štoll a polemika o tradicích a dědictví české společnosti po roce 1945) (D. Olšáková)

Mladý Jan Pachta (H. Kábová)

Vladyka Dětenický z Dědic. Václav Chaloupecký jako strážce odkazu meziválečné historiografie (M. Ducháček)

Václav Kopecký jako ministr ideolog v letech 1948-53 (L. Švadlena)

František Roubík versus František Graus, aneb jak se stal "buržoazní" a nikoliv"marxistický" historik členem korespondentem ČSAV (P. Holát)

Vysoká škola politických a hospodářských věd jako nástroj indoktrinace marxisticko-leninského vědeckého světového názoru (M. Devátá)

Folklorismus v české angažované literatuře 50. let 20. století (Z. Rubeš)

Otakar Nahodil a marxistická etnografie jako historická disciplína (F. Bahenský)

Betlémská kaple, revoluční tradice a vstup marx-leninské historiografie do prostoru (J. Randák)

IV.

Vytváranie marxistickej periodizácie československých dejín v 50. rokoch 20. storočia (A. Hudek)

Tři fáze stranického dějepisectví v padesátých a šedesátých letech (V. Sommer)

Třídní boj v marxistické historiografii (J. Rákosník)

Učebnice dějepisu jako nástroj ideologického boje (I. Malý)

Některé aspekty reflexe československých legionářů marxistickými historiky. Zborov, Bachmač 1918 a vystoupení proti bolševikům (D. Vácha)

Koncepce dějin Roberta Kalivody a přijetí jeho Husitské ideologie (J. Mervart)

Modifikace způsobů prezentace dějin divadelní avantgardy v 50. a 60. letech 20. století (J. Rauchová)

Dějiny školství a vzdělanosti v české marxistické historiografii (M. Novotný)

Marxismus a pokusy o dialog a syntézu v literárněvědné metodologii a teorii (Poznámky z ruské a česko-slovenské zkušenosti) (I. Pospíšil)

V.

"Se soudružským pozdravem" zůstávám dál. Rok 1968 v životě a díle Václava Krále (R. Šperňák)

Revoluční tradice jižních Čech Bohumíra Janouška jako projev normalizační ideologie (J. Dvořák)

Dějiny stavovství v pohledu poválečného českého marxismu a následný "velký obrat" (Z. Vybíral)

Proměny diskursu české marxistické historiografie (Kapitoly z historiografie 20. století)

This book shows the results of the cooperation between Czech and foreign scientists; they have studied the area of Czech Marxist and Marxist-Leninist historiography. The task to study this field has been particularly specified by the fact that this historiography had not been thoroughly examined before. Therefore we would like to offer some partial interpretation and views on the whole range of questions, which arise in connection with the topic. This volume could be only one of the foundation stones of the research into the historiography of 1945-1989. However, all possible approaches are to be found in this book - comments on scientific institutions, texts elucidating opinions and roles of individual historians and the development of particular branches, contributions showing the "class-view". What more, assessing the period of 1945-1953 with the key moment in 1948, views on 1968 and the following "consolidation" have to be mentioned.

The fact that the eras of the 1970's and the 1980's are represented by a minority of chapters is more or less symbolic. It is difficult to state if the reason is the perceiving of the contemporaneity by nowadays historians. The whole problem could be probably represented by the "floating gap" of social, communicative and culture memory. Concerning the average age of the authors in this collective monograph, it can be said, that the 1960's as a subject of examining the Czech historiography have been moved to the area of the real historical research, to the culture memory.

The introductory part consists of chapters by Bohumil Jiroušek and Christiane Brenner. Bohumil Jiroušek talks about the general development of the historiography in the era of Communism and his study outlines several problematic questions of the topic and its examining. Christiane Brenner shows the concept of the communist totalitarianism as a starting point of the general view on the divided world of the East and the West - as a possible starting point for the interpretation of the society and its thinking in the era of Marxist-Leninist indoctrination.

In the second part, the following chapters put the Czech historiography into a wider context - Maciej Górny compares some aspects of the interpretation of the Marxist historiography history in Czechoslovakia, Poland and DDR. Marco Paolino uses the example of Italian and DDR historians in order to show the different situation of the Marxist oriented scientists in the West and in the East bloc. Vojtěch Kyncl analyzes the picture of Germany in the first volumes of The Czech Historical Review (1953-1959) and points out that Marxist historiography in Czechoslovakia was able to accept a former Prague Nazi ideology supporter Eduard Winter as a Marxist - because of his growing importance in DDR historiography. Finally, Dagmar Blümlová studies the discussion concerning the notion "nation" in the Soviet Union as a deformation of the scientific ideas under the rule of ideology and fear of own ideas.

The third part is devoted completely to the introducing Marxism to the Czech historiography. At the beginning of this section, Doubravka Olšávková speaks about Ladislav Štoll, especially in the connection with discussions on the Czech culture in 1945-1948. This is followed by the text by Hana Kábová who treats young Jan Pachta's affection for Marxism in the interwar period. Milan Ducháček explains problems of interwar period historians who wanted to continue their work after 1945 and mainly 1948 as exemplified in Václav Chaloupecký's case. Ladislav Švadlena talks about the Minister of Information Václav Kopecký in connection with Marxist-Leninist indoctrination of society and science around 1948. Pavel Holát describes the change of The State Historical Institute into The Historical Institute of ČSAV (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences), the creation of an institute of a soviet model where human resources policy also followed the Soviets. Its director František Roubík was replaced in 1952 by Josef Macek and František Graus, two leading Marxists at the time. Markéta Devátá reminds the University of Politics and Economics existing in 1948-1953, where the ideology was more important than the sources interpretation and where the party policy took command. In spite of this fact, a lot of important figures of the Czech historiography in the 1950's and the 1960's were students or teachers at this school; some of them were proscribed after 1968 and excluded from the official historiography. Texts by Zdeněk Rubeš and František Bahenský deal with ethnography as a branch of history concerning nationalities and ethnic groups. The first text shows the change of a pre-war fairy-tales collector Josef Štefan Kubín into a communist supporter in issues as creating the united agriculture cooperatives and criticizing Vatican. The second text introduces Otakar Nahodil, the main figure of the sovietization of the Czech ethnography. Jan Randák, in the final chapter of the third part, discusses the searching for the progressive, communist tradition in the thinking of a historian and the Minister of Education Zdeněk Nejedlý and its connection with reconstruction of the Bethlehem Chapel as a Hussite Center. The Hussite movement was not seen as a religious movement, but only as a victory of the poor, one of the early revolutions, more or less the only major revolutionary activity of the Czech people.

The fourth part deals with some aspects of the development of the Czech science of history in the 1950's and the 1960's in Czechoslovakia. Adam Hudek describes the question of creating Marxist periodization of the Czechoslovak history while there were two major concepts (that of Václav Husa and that of František Graus) in mutual opposition. And it was also necessary to perceive Slovaks' ideas (especially those of Miloš Gosiorovský) in order to create the unified history of both nations which had virtually existed in different states before 1918. Vítězslav Sommer analyzes changes in the effort to interpret the history of the Communist Party by party historians in the 1950's and the 1960's. Jakub Rákosník deals with the crucial element of the Marxist-Leninist historians' work - the category of class (the class struggle). Ivan Malý shows the implementation of the ideological struggle by means of purposely written history textbooks in the 1950's, including the usage of Soviet texts. Dalibor Vácha discovers problems connected with the interpretation of Czechoslovak fighting forces during WWI. The heart of the matter of this modern struggle for freedom is to be found as a threat to the Marxist interpretation of history, because the Czech legionnaires in Russia fought against the new-born Soviet state and the Red Army.

Jan Mervart focuses on medieval history, namely on the 14th century crisis in the work of Czech Marxists and then, particularly in the book Husitská ideologie (The ideology of Hussitism) by Robert Kalivoda. Jitka Rauchová deals with interwar avant-garde as an important ideological source which was more suppressed or misinterpreted than actually studied. Miroslav Novotný shows the topic of education in the era of Communism, when the older pedagogical methodology (J. A. Komenský) was studied thoroughly and the modern one was interpreted only in an ideological way. And, finally, Ivo Pospíšil explains changes in Marxist literature theories in connection with Russian patriotic movement of the 19th century, which was one of the Soviet ideology sources.

The last section suggests the following direction of research - the 1970's and the 1980's. Roman Šperňák describes the role of Václav Král in cleansings in historical institutes at the beginning of "normalization" after the Soviet invasion in 1968. The process of "renewal" was taking place under the command of Soviet ideology supervisors. One of the ideological texts is exemplified in Jiří Dvořák's chapter concerning a book about the South Bohemian region - Revoluční tradice jižních Čech (The Revolutionary Tradition in Southern Bohemia, 1971) by Bohumír Janoušek. On the contrary, Zdeněk Vybíral shows the young generation of historians in "normalization". They collided with contemporary ideological concepts and were searching for inspiration in philosophy, of course in that of Marxist and post-Marxist, but not in that of Marxist-Leninist. It can be stated, that the pressure on the science of history changed at the end of the 1970's and in the 1980's. The direct support for the regime was no more the essential task, the tolerance of the official communistic elite line was far more important.